Models of memory

Question 1

What is Clive able to do ?

Answer 1

Encode information

Question 2

What types of memory are impaired in Clive?

Answer 2

Explicit long-term memory

Question 3

Would Clive be able to do a fragment completion task?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

What model of memory provides an account of Clives memory deficits?
= PQ

Answer 4

Atkinson & Shiffrins (1968) Modal Model of Memory
- because have difficulty with STM not LTM so suggests there are two storres= evidence of a dissociation between STM and LTM

Question 5

Clives deficits suggest that..

Answer 5

Short-term memory has a limited capacity

Question 6

Clive can remember his name & his wife, what task can Clive not do?

a) recognise a no. at a delayed memory test
b) digit span task
c) sperlings sensory memory task
d) fragment completion task

Answer 6

a) recognise a no. at a delayed memory test

Question 7

What is Atkinson and Shiffrins modal model of memory (1968)?

Answer 7

- Sensory mems = brief mems
pay attention 
- STM = fairly brief
rehearse consolidate
- LTM= long held

Question 8

What is Baddeleys 2000 working memory model?

Improved from 74

Answer 8

Working mem= part of STM= immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing

• Central executive = distributes attention
• Visuospatial sketchpad
• Episodic buffer= back up store = communicates with LTM and working mem
• phonological loop

Question 9

What does Sperlings 1960 study support?

Answer 9

• found out existence of sensory mem
• 3-4 charts of letters + tones
  = remember 4 items but image of each item fades during 50ms(presentation) and time takes to recall

Question 10

What does Cowen support?

Answer 10

• an alternative perspective

- working mem capped limited to 4 meaningful items

Question 11

What does Miller support?

Answer 11

• STMs limited items = plus/minus 7 items

Question 12

Who is Clive Wearing?

Answer 12

= brain infection

• he can encode info but not form a representation in LTM
• STM isn’t impaired
• Explicit (declarative)= can remember his name and his wife, words used in language
• Implicit (non-declarative) = can remember how to play piano, speak, read
• Has intact perceptual memory
• Intact working memory

Question 13

What is Tulving 85?

Answer 13

• Different types of LTM
  = EPISODIC = events, who what where = explicit
  = SEMANTIC = without context (just raw facts not contextual info like episodic)= explicit
  = PROCEDURAL = (skills and habits, not at a conscious level = Implicit

Question 14

What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 14

= types of LTM
- Implicit= non-declarative
= procedural
- Explicit = declarative 
= episodic and semantic

Question 15

What is declarative memory??

Answer 15

Explicit memory
= LTM
= episodic and semantic

Question 16

What is non-declarative memory?

Answer 16

Implicit memory

= procedural

Question 17

Who adapted Tulving ?

Answer 17

Squire 92 
= changed non-declarative mem to having 4 parts:
1) procedural (like before)
2) perceptual 
3) classical conditioning
4) non-associative learning

Question 18

What is episodic memory ?

Answer 18

events

= who, what, where , when

Question 19

What is semantic memory?

Answer 19

meaning without context= just raw facts not contextual info like episodic

Question 20

What is perceptual memory?

Answer 20

-The type of memory that can be illustrated by ‘priming’
e.g. telephone in Lecture]
followed by a stem completion task, which has telephone as option
- because image activates the concept of telephone via mental representation of telephone stored in mem, it’s easier to complete the stem for telephone compared to other options
= non-declarative mem as are unaware of activation of of telephone in your mind

Question 21

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 21

-Behaviourism, pavlov
= a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone

Question 22

What is non-associative learning?

Answer 22

like a reflex

e.g. hit knee and kick out leg

Question 23

What are links between encoded info and LTM managed by?

Answer 23

Hippocampal systems

Question 24

Where are LTM stores located ?

Answer 24

Neocortex

Question 25

How do you consolidate information?

Answer 25

take contextual info from your episodic store and creating an abstraction of it
= taking contextual info out of it and making it a mem that you’ll hold in your semantic mem that is all raw facts

Question 26

What conceptual model explains memory consolidation ?

Answer 26

McClelland et al 1995

Question 27

What does McClelland et al 1995 tell us?

Answer 27

Events are stored in hippocampal systems and transferred to neocortex over time
- info recevied= stored in episodic mem and managed by hippocampus & early mems being formed in the cortex
- over time the two links between the memory systems start to die off = STM and LTM
= then stable in LTM- doesnt require links with episodic STM

Question 28

Why does McClelland say that information doesnt go straight into LTM?

Answer 28

Because would cause catastrophic interference
- trying to introduce it too quickly ends up overwriting the existing info- whereas slowly= gradually integrate = much more stable LTM

Question 29

What is a biological model of system consolidation ?

Answer 29

Born et al

Question 30

What does Born et al tell us?

Answer 30

Suggests storing info in hippocampal systems
- the neocortex is talking to the hippocampal system via thalamo-cortical spindles
= transferring info from hippocampal systems out to the neocortex
- temporal stores= hippocampus
- Long term store=
neocortex

Question 31

In what part of the brain is the cortex?

Answer 31

The top parts = outer

Question 32

What was involved in the Born study?
What does it tell us about sleep?
What does it tell us about the hippocampus?

Answer 32

Rodent sleep
- electrodes in rodents brains = tell us that after learning and when asleep, the same pattern of activation in neurons is happening when asleep as when learning- but is happening much quicker
= so during SLEEP activation of neurons is being replayed at high speeds = enabling dialogue between the hippocampus and the cortex which begins the process of consolidation
= HIPPOCAMPUS IS NEEDED TO STORE LTM WHICH IS WHY CLIVE CAN’T

Question 33

What is multiple trace theory? Who does it?

Answer 33

Nadel and Moscovitch 97
= another way of conceptualising memory
= still suggests that the hippocampal complex encodes all info that is needed
- suggests the link between hippocampal and the cortex is ongoing
= never lose the info from your episodic mem
= suggests always have some level of contextual info around info even when you know it

Question 34

Who supports Born et al?

Answer 34

Atienza and Canter 08
- showsed pts pics, half were sleep deprived after encoding
-Pts who slept normally remembered sig more of items than the ones who are sleep deprived
= not allowed to sleep normally= not form strong episodic memory
= SUGGESTS SLEEP IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPING MEMORIES OF EVENTS