Models of memory Flashcards
What is Clive able to do ?
Encode information
What types of memory are impaired in Clive?
Explicit long-term memory
Would Clive be able to do a fragment completion task?
Yes
What model of memory provides an account of Clives memory deficits?
= PQ
Atkinson & Shiffrins (1968) Modal Model of Memory
- because have difficulty with STM not LTM so suggests there are two storres= evidence of a dissociation between STM and LTM
Clives deficits suggest that..
Short-term memory has a limited capacity
Clive can remember his name & his wife, what task can Clive not do?
a) recognise a no. at a delayed memory test
b) digit span task
c) sperlings sensory memory task
d) fragment completion task
a) recognise a no. at a delayed memory test
What is Atkinson and Shiffrins modal model of memory (1968)?
- Sensory mems = brief mems pay attention - STM = fairly brief rehearse consolidate - LTM= long held
What is Baddeleys 2000 working memory model?
Improved from 74
Working mem= part of STM= immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing
- Central executive = distributes attention
- Visuospatial sketchpad
- Episodic buffer= back up store = communicates with LTM and working mem
- phonological loop
What does Sperlings 1960 study support?
- found out existence of sensory mem
- 3-4 charts of letters + tones
= remember 4 items but image of each item fades during 50ms(presentation) and time takes to recall
What does Cowen support?
- an alternative perspective
- working mem capped limited to 4 meaningful items
What does Miller support?
- STMs limited items = plus/minus 7 items
Who is Clive Wearing?
= brain infection
- he can encode info but not form a representation in LTM
- STM isn’t impaired
- Explicit (declarative)= can remember his name and his wife, words used in language
- Implicit (non-declarative) = can remember how to play piano, speak, read
- Has intact perceptual memory
- Intact working memory
What is Tulving 85?
- Different types of LTM
= EPISODIC = events, who what where = explicit
= SEMANTIC = without context (just raw facts not contextual info like episodic)= explicit
= PROCEDURAL = (skills and habits, not at a conscious level = Implicit
What is the difference between implicit and explicit memory?
= types of LTM - Implicit= non-declarative = procedural - Explicit = declarative = episodic and semantic
What is declarative memory??
Explicit memory
= LTM
= episodic and semantic
What is non-declarative memory?
Implicit memory
= procedural
Who adapted Tulving ?
Squire 92 = changed non-declarative mem to having 4 parts: 1) procedural (like before) 2) perceptual 3) classical conditioning 4) non-associative learning
What is episodic memory ?
events
= who, what, where , when
What is semantic memory?
meaning without context= just raw facts not contextual info like episodic
What is perceptual memory?
-The type of memory that can be illustrated by ‘priming’
e.g. telephone in Lecture]
followed by a stem completion task, which has telephone as option
- because image activates the concept of telephone via mental representation of telephone stored in mem, it’s easier to complete the stem for telephone compared to other options
= non-declarative mem as are unaware of activation of of telephone in your mind
What is classical conditioning?
-Behaviourism, pavlov
= a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
What is non-associative learning?
like a reflex
e.g. hit knee and kick out leg
What are links between encoded info and LTM managed by?
Hippocampal systems
Where are LTM stores located ?
Neocortex
How do you consolidate information?
take contextual info from your episodic store and creating an abstraction of it
= taking contextual info out of it and making it a mem that you’ll hold in your semantic mem that is all raw facts
What conceptual model explains memory consolidation ?
McClelland et al 1995
What does McClelland et al 1995 tell us?
Events are stored in hippocampal systems and transferred to neocortex over time
- info recevied= stored in episodic mem and managed by hippocampus & early mems being formed in the cortex
- over time the two links between the memory systems start to die off = STM and LTM
= then stable in LTM- doesnt require links with episodic STM
Why does McClelland say that information doesnt go straight into LTM?
Because would cause catastrophic interference
- trying to introduce it too quickly ends up overwriting the existing info- whereas slowly= gradually integrate = much more stable LTM
What is a biological model of system consolidation ?
Born et al
What does Born et al tell us?
Suggests storing info in hippocampal systems
- the neocortex is talking to the hippocampal system via thalamo-cortical spindles
= transferring info from hippocampal systems out to the neocortex
- temporal stores= hippocampus
- Long term store=
neocortex
In what part of the brain is the cortex?
The top parts = outer
What was involved in the Born study?
What does it tell us about sleep?
What does it tell us about the hippocampus?
Rodent sleep
- electrodes in rodents brains = tell us that after learning and when asleep, the same pattern of activation in neurons is happening when asleep as when learning- but is happening much quicker
= so during SLEEP activation of neurons is being replayed at high speeds = enabling dialogue between the hippocampus and the cortex which begins the process of consolidation
= HIPPOCAMPUS IS NEEDED TO STORE LTM WHICH IS WHY CLIVE CAN’T
What is multiple trace theory? Who does it?
Nadel and Moscovitch 97
= another way of conceptualising memory
= still suggests that the hippocampal complex encodes all info that is needed
- suggests the link between hippocampal and the cortex is ongoing
= never lose the info from your episodic mem
= suggests always have some level of contextual info around info even when you know it
Who supports Born et al?
Atienza and Canter 08
- showsed pts pics, half were sleep deprived after encoding
-Pts who slept normally remembered sig more of items than the ones who are sleep deprived
= not allowed to sleep normally= not form strong episodic memory
= SUGGESTS SLEEP IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPING MEMORIES OF EVENTS
