Applied Memory Flashcards
1) According to the significant findings from the following tests, what type of memory is affect in these exceptional individuals?
- Logical memory free-recall
- Visual memory recall
- Names to faces
semantic memory
= issues with blocking
= because of error of retrieval and lack of associations in semantic memory
2)According to the non-significant findings from the following tests, what type of memory is NOT affect in these exceptional individuals
Give reasons
- Forward and backward digit span
- Visual reproduction
short term memory
?????????
Visuospatial sketchpad= of working mem= in STM
Forward and backward digit span = sees if STM is okay
4) What conclusions can we draw about memory function from the results of research on individuals with exceptional memory and these with memory deficits (e.g. Clive wearing)
Give reasons
that there are more than one type of memory
e.g. clive wearing= can remember his name and wifes name = explicit long term semantic memory
can remember how to play the piano= procedural
- show short term mem has a limited capacity as he cant remember numbers after a delay
- can complete fragment completion task
- he can encode information
The conversation of suggestion into false memory involves misattribution
Are the types of misattributions seen in a paradigm like the DRM and the misinformation provided by Loftus & Pickerell (1995) the same?
Explain why they are/are not
- They are different
- DRM paradigm= source missattribution = combining a memory with another memory and thinking it comes from one place but really comes from another e.g. list of words realted to sleep but sleep not included, have a semantic network realted to words and concepts, as see/hear words activation start to travel to all the words that are related to that word including sleep - which isnt presented (sleep= critical lure) = misattribute source= mem of sleep actually when activation of list= never actually saw it but don’t realise.
- HOWEVER Loftus & Pickerell 95=converted a suggestion into a false memory via missattribution, told false story about childhood, 2wks later 29% recalled mem but not very clearly= planted info not because of activation from other words
What are the 7 sins by Schacter (1999)?
= describe why we don’t have perfect recall
1) Persistence
2) Transience
3) Absentmindedness
4) Blocking
5) Bias
6) Source misattribution
7) Suggestibility
What is the sin Persistence?
(more about abnormal brain and memory functioning than normal)
- May have unwanted intrusions of memory – might not want to remember everything perfectly = kind of thing see with people with PTSD
What is the sin Transience ?
= forgetting
- may result from insufficient consolidation/encoding (in the first place)
What is the sin Absentmindedness ?
– can’t remember what you did or where you did it e.g. parking the car and forgetting where you parked it. Problem with encoding- not paying attention when encoding
= never made it into memory in first place
What is the sin Blocking?
= due to a lack of activation of semantic memory
- e.g. can’t remember someones name
e. g. there are 3 things to remember but the 3rd one escapes me right now - can also happen from interference from other information
What is the sin Bias?
- Expectation can effect how a memory is perceived
- Adaptive to develop schema to guide memory organisation
What is the sin Source Misattribution?
=process of combing a mem with another mem and thinking it comes from one place, when it actually comes from another
- Adaptive to not store details of each aspect of an event but focus on abstraction of a gist of a series of events
What is the sin Suggestibility?
- Memory is malleable, it can be updated
e. g. flashbulb mem= changes over time - Adaptive to have the facility to up-date existing memories
What supports Absentmindedness ?
Dual attention task:
-when put full attention to task= recalled well = 80%, when attention divided at encoding stage = much less accurate= 40% , divided attention at retrieval = 65%
= SUPPORTS THAT ITS ATTENTION DIVISION AT ENCODING THAT RESULTS IN ABSENTMINDEDNESS
= if not pay attention may forget if not consolidated
What supports the sin Blocking?
James 04 = names/occupations easier/harder to remember if have more/less activation in semantic network
= blocking occurs due to lack of activation of semantic memory
What supports the sin Bias?
Barlett 32 ‘The war of the ghosts’
- when pts recalled details changed
e.g. canoe became boat
- people were poor at this story, added things in & changed things
BAD AT REMEMBERING BECAUSE OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
= doesn’t fit as to how you think the story would proceed
- don’t remember so fill in with thins that fit into your cultural expectations
Who did Bergman and Roediger 99 replicate?
Barlett’s the war of the ghosts
- found same results
= mem is a process of reconstruction
What supports the sin Source Misattribution?
( source misattribution) =process of combing a mem with another mem and thinking it comes from one place, when it actually comes from another
DRM paradigm
= PET scans while recalling list of words
= added words (critical lure) like sleep to a list of words associated with it
= created a false memory
What theory supports suggestibility?
(suggestibility= memory is malleable) Loftus and pickerel 95 - Plant complete mem of event that didn’t happen into pts = told event happened to them as a child -29% remembered the false memory = suggests can implant a false memory - closely linked w source misattribution
What do Persistence, Transience, Absentmindedness and Blocking suggest about memory?
That memory is flawed at encoding, consolidation and retrieval
= could be important as a functioning human to not encode and consolidate everything
What do Bias, Source Misattribution and Suggestibility suggest about memory?
That memory is reconstructive
How do people with perfect recall differ ?
LePort et al 12
- higher levels of obsessive compulsive traits
- no diff in forward and backward digit span, visual reproduction task, depression
- part of brain are anatomically different in hippocampal systems = in middle of brain= which are very important in forming of episodic memory
= have very good episodic memory and have different structure of hippocampal systems
How can recalling incorrect info/ not having perfect memory affect us in everyday life?
= impact of recalling incorrect, biased or false memories in eye witness accounts
- SUGGESTIBILITY - e.g. flashbulb memories = change over time
e.g. loftus and palmer- smashed/hit
e.g. loftus and pickerel = false memory
= can implant false mems
What evidence supports the idea that memory is reconstructive ?
Barlett 32- the war of the ghosts
= bad at remembering due to cultural differences
- when don’t remember things , add things in that would fit into your cultural expectations
- Bergman and Roediger 1999= replicated and found the same
= have biases= affect how recall something
- mem can become confused because of combing info from different mem stores
-source misattribition= DRM paradigm = sleep example= created a false mem from a critical cue = confusion of combined info
What models explain the methods used to test recall of episodic memory?
- barlets war of the ghosts
- then bergman and roediger replication of the war of the ghosts
- DRM paradigm= roediger and mcdermott
Who developed the DRM paradigm?
Roediger and McDermott 1995
