Language production (speaking) Flashcards
The word ‘baker’ is comprised of two morphemes ‘bake’ and ‘er’, which of these is comprised of two morphemes?
a) Corner
b) Fisher
c) Her
d) Shower
b) fisher
What building block of language is used to express the written word?
Orthography
Is ‘access of concepts’ a process used for speech?
yes
Is ‘application of syntax’ a process used for speech?
yes
Is ‘access of graphemes’ a process used for speech?
no
Is ‘access of phonemes’ a process used for speech?
yes
What is found in speech errors?
a) exchanges between word forms and morphemes
b) exchanges between morphemes
c) exchanges between phonemes and word forms
d) exchanges between concepts and word forms
b) exchanges between morphemes
What provides evidence of the processes observed in speech production?
Tip-of-the-tongue state
What did Lichtenhim 85 say that the main functions of language are?
- speaking = production
- writing = production
- reading = comprehension
- understanding = comprehension
What can damage to different areas of the brain cause?
production of language broken down
What can damage to the brocas area cause?
problems expressing or producing speech
= called broca/expressive aphasia
- may be able to write without any problems
- brocas area= near motor area for tongue and mouth = can think of word but not articulate them
= evidence of distinction between conceptualising what going to say and THEN need to articulate what they are going to say = different processes
What can damage to the Wernickes area cause?
= problems comprehending speech
= wernickes aphasis
What is paramatics?
area of research that explores why we use the particular structure that we do to speak
e.g. the meaning within the meaning language in context emphasis e.g. thats sick, thats wicked
What is a phoneme?
a sound
What is a morpheme?
the smallest meaningful unit of sound
- to make a found a morpheme = has to have a function of changing meaning/providing meaning in some way
morphology = made up of morphemes
What is a grapheme?
a letter
What is a lemma?
info about grammatical gender of a word
what is a suffix morpheme?
- s = more than 1= plural e.g. cats
= called bound morphemes as they have to be connected to something else - ed = past tense e.g. walked
What is a prefix morpheme?
something to put infront of the word e.g. un, e.g. undo
What is an infix morpheme?
morphemes that can go in the middle of morphemes e.g. for swearing
fan- bloody-tastic
What are the two different types of form?
-Orthography = graphemes = letters
What are the two different types of form?
- Orthography = graphemes = letters
- Phonology = phonemes = sounds e.g. /t/, /th/, /k/
What are the two different types of form?
- Orthography = graphemes = letters
- Phonology = phonemes = sounds e.g. /t/, /th/, /k/
Is there a 1 to 1 mapping of phonemes and graphemes?
no
e.g. c= /k/ and /s/, and t+h = /th/
What is a syntax?
another word for grammar
= the structure
What is a mental lexicon?
The store of words
- different representations for different aspects of word
- sound of word= phonological representation
- link to meanings= semantics
- link about the structure= syntax
- seperate representations for the way the word is spelt in print form= orthographic text
What is a lexicon?
A list of words
How does your mental lexicon develop?
Children start w phonological as learn to read , then orphographic, = gradually grow the mental lexicon
How does the mental lexicon work?
it spreads activation to words that sound like words tying to produce/ words associated with it
Is activation in the mental lexicon conscious?
No, its under level of conscious awareness and happens quickly
Are a lot or not a lot of errors made in speech?
Very few surprisingly as 2-3 words spoken per s
- there are hesitations but few errors
What is the process of speech production?
What are the different levels
1) SEMANTICS = access the abstract concept in our sematic mem
2) SYNTAX= know what the rules of grammar are
3) MORPHOLOGY= morphemes= access the specific word
4) FORM = actual form of the words, if talking about speech
5) SPEECH = final output
What is Levelt et als theory of speech production (1999)?
Word form Encoding by Activation and VERification
= WEAVER
- modelled conceptual level
- lemma, word form & morphemes, article & morpheme + article
- different levels dictate how words in our sentence structures and the specific sounds we access to express these words
EXPLAINS ERRORS BY:
- flip of article & morpheme + article
- conceptual errors = because of combination of two concepts
How does evidence from speech errors support models of speech production?
- SLIPS OF TONGUE AND ERRORS = support that there are different levels of processing
= generally happen within single category e.g. morphemes with morphemes - errors result in legal non-words e.g. sport not fpoon, doesnt exist but follows structure of language
= proves we have to plan out, put morphological element in place then add word onto it
What evidence supports the idea that semantics and phonology are processed sequentially ?
Tip-of-the-tongue state
= Evidence is a distinct difference between different levels of processing in production
e.g. in Italian in TOTT know the grammar gender of the word but not the word
= suggest is level of processing where apply morphology and understand structure before we access the form of words
What is tip of the tongue state by Schacter 1999?
Not having enough associations in semantic memory to link new info to affectively recall it/ interference from conflicting info which results in hesitation or TOTTS,
- activation and competition between semantically similar info = smieth and tindell
What is Grices Maxims 1975?
building blocks
= suggest set of rules we must follow to have successful communication in a conversation
1) Quantity= shouldn’t include more info than necessary
2) Quality= communication should be truthful
3) Relation = communication should be relevant to topic of conversations
4) Manner- speaker avoids ambiguity
What is a method of testing cognitive function
Hesitations
- timing of speech onset, hesitations and pauses= measure the difficulty of that process
e. g. more ums in humanties lecture than in science as more competition in mental lexicon for words that are similar= takes more time to find.
