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Genome and Disease > Model Organism > Flashcards

Model Organism Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 examples of non animal models for human disease

A 
Cell free extracts
Cell lines
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Green ALgae/plants
Slime molds
Fungi
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2
Q

What fungi is used to study cell cycle?

A

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

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3
Q

What is used to study DNA methylation and protein turnover?

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

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4
Q

Name the 5 invertebrate animal models for human disease

A 
Mollusc- Aplysia carlifornica
Roundworm- Caenorrhabditis elegans
Fruitfly- Drosophilia melanogaster
Purple sea Urchin- Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Ascidian sea squirt- Ciona intestinalis
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5
Q

What model organism is used to study associative learning?

A

Aplysia carlifonica

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6
Q

Name 3 examples of vertebrate models for human disease

A 
Zebrafish
Medaka
African clawed frog
Red jungle fowl
House mouse
Norway rat
Rhesus macaque
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7
Q

What is the proper name for budding yeast?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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8
Q

Name 3 negatives to model organisms

A

1- they are domesticated and inbred
2- artificial lab conditions means evolved phenotypes could be missed
3- genetic adaptation to la b conditions

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9
Q

Name 3 examples of genetic adaptations to lab conditions

A

Non invasive yeast growth
Suppression of mating type switc hing in yeast
Loss of melatonin production in mice

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10
Q

What percentage of human genes identified are shared in eukaryotes?

A

32%

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11
Q

What is the genome of E.coli?

How many chromosomes
How many Mbase
How many genes

A

1 chromosome
4.6 Mbase
4500 genes

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12
Q

At 37C what is E.coli doubling time?

A

20 minutes

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13
Q

When was E.coli last common ancestor with Homo sapiens

A

2.5BYA

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14
Q

How long is an e.coli?

A

1-2 uM

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15
Q

Describe the structure of E.coli

A

Unicellular, no membrane bound organelles

Gram negative

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16
Q

What is the most common aerobe in lower mammalian intestine?

A

E.coli

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17
Q

Biofuels
Production of proteins
Recombiant DNA

E.coli is used for all of these

A

OKAY

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18
Q

What discoveries were E.coli used for?

A 
Genetic code
Transcription
Gene regulation
DNA replication
Restiction enzymes
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19
Q

What are the 2 limitation of E.coli as a model?

A

More distantly related than eukaryotic models

Limited phenotypic range

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20
Q

What is the best characterized eukaryote and fungus?

A

Saccharomycyes cerevisae- budding yeast

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21
Q

Saccharomycyes cerevisae
How many chromosomes
How long is genome in Mbase
How many genes

A

16 chromosomes
13Mbase genome
6000 genes

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22
Q

What is Saccharomycyes cerevisae life cycle?

A

1.5-2h

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23
Q

Name 4 benefits of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

A

Small, easy to grow, large number of offspring
Haploid and diploid forms
Highly efficient genetic transformation, plasmids
Manipulation of mitochondrial DNA(!)

24
Q

Name 3 parts of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae life cycle

A

Mating Sporulation - severe starvation- germination

25
Q

How long is the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in um?

A

6um

26
Q

When was Saccharomyces Cerevisiae most recent ancestor with humans?

A

1.5BYA

27
Q

What were the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nobel discoveries

A

Cell division cycle (Hartwell 2001)
Telomerase (Szostak 2009)
Vesicular Trafficking (Shekman 2013)
Autophagy (Ohsumi 2016)

28
Q

What are the 3 limitations to Saccharomyces cerevisiae

as a model organism for humans

A

More distantly related than animal models
Limited phenotypic range
Essentially unicellular with limited cell signalling

29
Q

C.elegans
How many chromosomes
How long is genome in Mbase
How many genes

A

6 chromosomes
100Mbase genomes
20000 genes

30
Q

How long is a C.elegan life cycle?

A

3 days

31
Q

Are C.elegans hemaphrodites?

Which type of reproduction doe they undergo?

A

Hermaphrodites (XX) and males at low freq. (XO)

Asexual and sexual reproduction

32
Q

Benefits of C.elegans as a model

A

Small, easy to grow, large number of offspring
Transparent
Highly stereotypical development & organization
RNAi (including via E. coli expression), genetic manipulation

33
Q

How longs are C.elegans?

A

1mm

34
Q

When was the C.elegans most common ancestor with humans?

A

900 MYA

35
Q

We know the lineages of how many somatic cells and neurons in the C.elegan?

A

ALL 959 somatic cells

302 neurons

36
Q

Name 4 limitations to C.elegans as a model organism

A

More distantly related than vertebrate models
Fewer human disease gene homologues than flies or vertebrates
Simpler body plan and brain
More limited phenotypic range

37
Q

Drosphilia
How many chromosomes
How long is genome in Mbase
How many genes

A

4 chromosomes
165Mbase genome
14000 genes

38
Q

How long is the Drosophila life cycle?

A

10-14 days

39
Q

How many Drosophila genes have human homologues?

A

61%

40
Q

How long are Drosophila?

A

3mm

41
Q

When was the Drosophila most recent common ancestor with humans?

A

900 MYA

42
Q

What has been fully characterized in Drosophillia?

A

Brain Morphology

43
Q

What is different in Drosophila compared to other models?

A

No cryopreservation

44
Q

Dani Rerio - fish
How many chromosomes
How long is genome in Mbase
How many genes

A

25 chromosomes
1.8 Gbase genome
26,000 genes

45
Q

Do danio reio have sex chromosomes?

A

NO

sex determining loci and environmental input

46
Q

How long is a Danio rerio life cycle?

A

3m

47
Q

Danio rerio are transparent,

Haploid and gynogenetic diploids can be created

A

OKAY

48
Q

How long is a Danio rerio

A

2.5cm

49
Q

When was DAnio rerio most recent common ancestor with humans?

A

450MYA

50
Q

Name limitations of the Danio Rerio model

A

More distantly related than mammalian models
Aquatic
Generation time is longer than that of mouse
More expensive than worms or flies
More ethical considerations than flies or worms
High throughput screening is easier in worms and flies

51
Q

Mus Musculus- mouse
How many chromosomes
How long is genome in Mbase
How many genes

A

20 chromosomes
2.5Gbase genomes
23,000 genes

52
Q

How long is the life cycle of a Mus musculus

A

2years

53
Q

How long are mus musculus and what is their wight?

A

7-11 cm

20-25g

54
Q

How many genes of Mus musculus have human homolgues?

A

99%

55
Q

When was Mus musculus most recent common ancestor with humans?

A

90MYA

56
Q

Limitations of Mus musculus as a model

A

Size difference and life span difference with humans
Life style difference with humans (nocturnal, different sensory bias)
Brain is less complex than human brain
More expensive than fish or invertebrates
Limited number of offspring
Embryos are difficult to phenotype in womb
Ethical considerations are more restrictive
Difficult to do high throughput (genetic) screening

Genome and Disease (15 decks)

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