Model Organism Flashcards by Elizabeth .

Name 3 examples of non animal models for human disease

Cell free extracts
Cell lines
Bacteria
Eukaryotes
Green ALgae/plants
Slime molds
Fungi

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What fungi is used to study cell cycle?

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

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What is used to study DNA methylation and protein turnover?

Arabidopsis thaliana

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Name the 5 invertebrate animal models for human disease

Mollusc- Aplysia carlifornica
Roundworm- Caenorrhabditis elegans
Fruitfly- Drosophilia melanogaster
Purple sea Urchin- Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
Ascidian sea squirt- Ciona intestinalis

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What model organism is used to study associative learning?

Aplysia carlifonica

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Name 3 examples of vertebrate models for human disease

Zebrafish
Medaka
African clawed frog
Red jungle fowl
House mouse
Norway rat
Rhesus macaque

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What is the proper name for budding yeast?

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Name 3 negatives to model organisms

1- they are domesticated and inbred
2- artificial lab conditions means evolved phenotypes could be missed
3- genetic adaptation to la b conditions

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Name 3 examples of genetic adaptations to lab conditions

Non invasive yeast growth
Suppression of mating type switc hing in yeast
Loss of melatonin production in mice

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What percentage of human genes identified are shared in eukaryotes?

32%

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What is the genome of E.coli?

How many chromosomes
How many Mbase
How many genes

1 chromosome
4.6 Mbase
4500 genes

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At 37C what is E.coli doubling time?

20 minutes

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When was E.coli last common ancestor with Homo sapiens

2.5BYA

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How long is an e.coli?

1-2 uM

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Describe the structure of E.coli

Unicellular, no membrane bound organelles

Gram negative

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What is the most common aerobe in lower mammalian intestine?

E.coli

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Biofuels
Production of proteins
Recombiant DNA

E.coli is used for all of these

OKAY

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What discoveries were E.coli used for?

Genetic code
Transcription
Gene regulation
DNA replication
Restiction enzymes

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What are the 2 limitation of E.coli as a model?

More distantly related than eukaryotic models

Limited phenotypic range

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What is the best characterized eukaryote and fungus?

Saccharomycyes cerevisae- budding yeast

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Saccharomycyes cerevisae
How many chromosomes
How long is genome in Mbase
How many genes

16 chromosomes
13Mbase genome
6000 genes

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What is Saccharomycyes cerevisae life cycle?

1.5-2h

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Name 4 benefits of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Small, easy to grow, large number of offspring
Haploid and diploid forms
Highly efficient genetic transformation, plasmids
Manipulation of mitochondrial DNA(!)

Name 3 parts of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae life cycle

Mating Sporulation - severe starvation- germination

How long is the Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in um?

6um

When was Saccharomyces Cerevisiae most recent ancestor with humans?

1.5BYA

What were the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nobel discoveries

Cell division cycle (Hartwell 2001) Telomerase (Szostak 2009) Vesicular Trafficking (Shekman 2013) Autophagy (Ohsumi 2016)

What are the 3 limitations to Saccharomyces cerevisiae | as a model organism for humans

More distantly related than animal models Limited phenotypic range Essentially unicellular with limited cell signalling

C.elegans How many chromosomes How long is genome in Mbase How many genes

6 chromosomes 100Mbase genomes 20000 genes

How long is a C.elegan life cycle?

3 days

Are C.elegans hemaphrodites? | Which type of reproduction doe they undergo?

Hermaphrodites (XX) and males at low freq. (XO) | Asexual and sexual reproduction

Benefits of C.elegans as a model

Small, easy to grow, large number of offspring Transparent Highly stereotypical development & organization RNAi (including via E. coli expression), genetic manipulation

How longs are C.elegans?

1mm

When was the C.elegans most common ancestor with humans?

900 MYA

We know the lineages of how many somatic cells and neurons in the C.elegan?

ALL 959 somatic cells | 302 neurons

Name 4 limitations to C.elegans as a model organism

More distantly related than vertebrate models Fewer human disease gene homologues than flies or vertebrates Simpler body plan and brain More limited phenotypic range

Drosphilia How many chromosomes How long is genome in Mbase How many genes

4 chromosomes 165Mbase genome 14000 genes

How long is the Drosophila life cycle?

10-14 days

How many Drosophila genes have human homologues?

61%

How long are Drosophila?

3mm

When was the Drosophila most recent common ancestor with humans?

900 MYA

What has been fully characterized in Drosophillia?

Brain Morphology

What is different in Drosophila compared to other models?

No cryopreservation

Dani Rerio - fish How many chromosomes How long is genome in Mbase How many genes

25 chromosomes 1.8 Gbase genome 26,000 genes

Do danio reio have sex chromosomes?

NO | sex determining loci and environmental input

How long is a Danio rerio life cycle?

Danio rerio are transparent, | Haploid and gynogenetic diploids can be created

OKAY

How long is a Danio rerio

2.5cm

When was DAnio rerio most recent common ancestor with humans?

450MYA

Name limitations of the Danio Rerio model

More distantly related than mammalian models Aquatic Generation time is longer than that of mouse More expensive than worms or flies More ethical considerations than flies or worms High throughput screening is easier in worms and flies

Mus Musculus- mouse How many chromosomes How long is genome in Mbase How many genes

20 chromosomes 2.5Gbase genomes 23,000 genes

How long is the life cycle of a Mus musculus

2years

How long are mus musculus and what is their wight?

7-11 cm | 20-25g

How many genes of Mus musculus have human homolgues?

99%

When was Mus musculus most recent common ancestor with humans?

90MYA

Limitations of Mus musculus as a model

Size difference and life span difference with humans Life style difference with humans (nocturnal, different sensory bias) Brain is less complex than human brain More expensive than fish or invertebrates Limited number of offspring Embryos are difficult to phenotype in womb Ethical considerations are more restrictive Difficult to do high throughput (genetic) screening