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Genome and Disease > Genes > Flashcards

Genes Flashcards

1
Q

Define gene

A

entire DNA sequence required to direct protein synthesis.

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2
Q

What is DNA

A

The molecule that contains genetic information

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3
Q

What is the size of the human genome in MB?

A

3200

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4
Q

What is the size of the human gene number

A

31000

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5
Q

What is the size of the bacteria gene number

A

4000

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6
Q

What is the size of the bacteria geneome MB

A

4

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7
Q

What are the basic steps to get from DNA to a protein.

A

DNA replicates then gene is transcribed then RNA is translated to amino acids to make a protein

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8
Q

What is the label for the binding point for RNA polymerase?

And what are the labels for the bases to the left and to the right of this?

A

+1 / promotor region

Bases to the left = -ve
Bases to the right = +ve

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9
Q

Which direction on the DNA does the RNA polymerase move?

A

5’ to 3’

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10
Q

What is the bases at the start and end of the coding region?

A

Start- ATG

End- TAG or TAA or TGA

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11
Q

If more protein is required how does this affect mRNA synthesis and Protein synthesis

A

Greater mRNA and Protein synthesis

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12
Q

What are the 2 ways that bacteria control transcription?

A

Constitutive expressed genes

Regulated genes

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13
Q

How are bacterial promotors recognised by RNA polymerase?

A

Has a consensus / common pattern of DNA

hexamer (6bp) at -35 and a TATAAT sequence at -10

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14
Q

What is the consensus DNA in a bacterial promotor?

A

hexamer (6bp) at -35 and a TATAAT sequence at -10

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15
Q

How many types of subunits does the RNA polymerase / holoenzyme molecule have and what are they?

A 
4 types 
2 Alpha
Beta 
Beta prime
sigma
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16
Q

What are the roles of the subunits in RNA polymerase?

A

Alpha - enzyme assembly promotor recognition binds to some activators

Beta and Beta prime = catalytic center

sigma= promotor specificity recognising -35 and -10

17
Q

Describe bacteria Transcriptional initiation

A

Specific binding at sigma to -35 -10 promoter sequence
DNA unwound at initiation site
Initiation of transcription and release of sigma to elongate.

18
Q

Describe bacterial elongation

A

RNA polymerase moves from 5’ to 3’ end of the DNA forming a DNA/RNA hybrid helix before the Nascent RNA is formed 5’ to 3’

19
Q

Describe bacteria termination

A

RNA polymerase stops at termination site - TAG or TAA or TGA.
THE RNA polymerase separates and RNA is released

20
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of control in transcription in bacteria?

A

Use of alternative sigma factors

Transcriptional regulators

21
Q

Name the 2 types of transcriptional regulators

A

Negative regulation

Positive regulation

22
Q

Describe negative regulation of transcription

A

Repressor binds to operator sites to prevent RNA polymerase from binding

23
Q

Describe positive regulation of transcription

A

Activators bind to specific site helps RNA polymerase binds

24
Q

What is the role of the Lac operon?

A

Switches on genes that encodes enzymes which are needed to metabolise that sugar

25
Q

Define operon

A

region of DNA that contains clusters of related genes, made up of promotor region, operator and multiple related genes

26
Q

What 3 genes make up the lac operon, how many bp and what proteins do they make?

A

lacZ-3072bp- Beta Galactosidase
lacY-1251bp-Permease
lacA-609bp-Transcetylase

27
Q

What is the role of Beta Galactosidase

A

cleaves lactose into its component sugars

28
Q

What is the role of permease

A

Transports lactose into cells

29
Q

What is the role of transacetylase

A

Covalently modifies lactose

30
Q

What is the lac operon regulated by?

A

Negative and positive regulators

Lac repressor,CAP activating protein

31
Q

Where does the Lac repressor bind and how does it regulate when lactose is absent?

A

Binds to operator and blocks transcription

32
Q

Where does the Lac repressor bind and how is it regulated when lactose is present?

A

Allolactose produced which binds to the lac repressor

This induces a conformational change so repressor cannot bind to the operator

33
Q

What are transcriptional activators used for?

A

Allows promorters to be better recognised b y RNA polymerase

34
Q

What is glucose relationship to the lac operon?

A

High Glucose- Lac operon off

Low glucose- Lac operon on ( alternative sugar source is lactose)

35
Q

Describe the CAP/ Catabolite ACtivator Protein function

A

In low Glucose the cAMP levels are high SO CAP active and Lac operon activated

vice versa for high glucose

Genome and Disease (15 decks)

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