Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genome and Disease > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Define oncogenesis/ tumourogenesis

A

Cancer forming process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes oncogensis?

A

Mutations

usually a series of mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the growth in benign and malignant tumours

A

Benign- Expansive and slow

Malignant- infiltrating and rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe mitoses and evolution in benign and malignant tumours

A

Benign- rare but typical mitosis and local evolution

Malignant- numerous and atypical mitosis, local and generalised evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Can maligant tumours metastasize?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are tumours made up from?

And what is the collective name for all this?

A

Maligant cells
host cells
secreted factors
extracellular matrix proteins

Tumour microenvironment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most common preventive cancer in the UK?

A

Lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can cause mutations?

Name 3 things

A

1) Carcinogenic substances
2) Viruses trigger trasnformation of cells
3) Inheritance of certain genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mutations in the gene can be generated when?

A

Germline- originate in the gametes

Somatic- adults/infants after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the normal function of the protooncogenes?

A

Promotes cell survival or proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the effect of the mutation on protooncogene’?

Is the gene dominant or recessive?

A

Gain of function allows unregulated cell survival and proliferation

Dominant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the normal function of the tumour repressor genes?

A

inhibits cell survival or proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the normal function of the caretaker genes?

A

Repair or prevent DNA damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of the mutation on tumour suppressor genes’?
Is the gene dominant or recessive?

A

Loss of function allows unregulated cell survival and proliferation

Recessive gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of the mutation on caretaker genes?

Is the gene dominant or recessive?

A

Loss of function allows accumulation of mutation

Recessive gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between the protooncogene and oncogene?

A

Oncogene=mutated

17
Q

Describe the C-myc gene mutation and what it causes

A

This is a protooncogene
Usually, mRNA is short lived and protein levels are low
BUT translocation from Ch 8 to 14 causes Burkitt lymphorma

18
Q

How many classes of proteins are recognised as tumour suppressor genes?

A

5

19
Q

Name some of the roles tumour suppressor genes have

A

Promote apoptosis
Enzymes that participate in DNA repair
Check piont control proteins that arrest cell cycle

20
Q

Which chromosome is Tumour suppressor gene p53 found on?

A

Chromosome 17

21
Q

What is the role of p53?

A

Binds DNA simulating p21 protein which interacts with a cell division stimulating protein- cdk2

22
Q

What is the result of a mutated p53?

A

No longer bind to DNA, thus p21 protein does not provide a stop signal for cell division

HENCE CELLS DIVIDE UNCONTROLABLY

23
Q

What is petos paradox?

A

Elephants have extra copies of p53 so blood cells are highly sensitive to DNA damage, causing apoptosis of damaged cells rather than repair

24
Q

What are the 2 best studied caretaker genes?

A

mlh1 and mlh2

25
Q

What is the result of a mutation to the caretaker genes?

A

Mutations can increase the rate of point mutations in genes

26
Q

What chromosomal mutations can tumour cells commonly have?

A

Aneuploidy- extra chromosomes
Translocation
Duplications

27
Q

What is does LOH stand for?

A

Loss of Heterozygosity

-loss of functioning allele hence having an malignant phenotype

28
Q

Define mutagen

A

A chemical or physical agent that induces a mutation, These can act in/directly

29
Q

Name 2 viruses that cause cancer

A

Human Papilloma Virus

HTLV-1 a retroviruses

30
Q

Name 3 selection pressures for cancer

A

o2, competition for space , blood supply

31
Q

Can cancers spread through animals?

A

Yes eg Canine Transmissible venereal Tumour

32
Q

How can cancers be spread?

A

Biting, sexual contact, via seawater

Genome and Disease (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions