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Genome and Disease > Transcription in Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Transcription in Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What affects transcription in eukaryotes?

A

Respond to environmental conditions
Developmental control
Tissue specific control

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2
Q

Describe how a protein is produced in Eukaryotes

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA and moves 5’ to 3’.
This creates a RNA stand in transcription. Then this is spliced to removed introns.

Then it is translated to amino acids

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3
Q

Define splicing

A

Process by which a gene can form multiple proteins

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4
Q

What 3 things control transciption

A

Transcriptional regulators
Chromatin Structure
DNA methylation

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5
Q

Where does RNA polymerase bind in Eukaryotes?

A

TATA BOX at -30

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6
Q

What are the two types of transcriptional regulators in Eukaryotes?

A

Transcriptional Repressors and activators

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7
Q

What is the role of Transcriptional repressors?

A

Blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the DNA by binding to the TATA BOX

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8
Q

What is the role of transcriptional activators?

A

Binds to USE upstream to TATA BOX and causes a greater rate of transcription

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9
Q

Name an example of a Transcriptional activator that confer general expression and what it binds to

A

Sp1 in all cell types

Binds to GGGCGG

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10
Q

Name and example of a Transcriptional activator that confer tissue specific expression and what it binds to

A

MyoD- muscle specific

Binds ot CANNTG

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11
Q

Name an example of a Transcriptional activator that confer response to particular stimuli

A

estrogen receptor binds to AGGTCANNNTGACCT

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12
Q

What is chromatin made out of?

A

DNA+ Histones

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13
Q

What is a nucleosome and how many base pairs of DNA is it?

A

Basic unit of chromatin

146 bp

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14
Q

What is the structure of a nucleosome?

A

2x H2a
2x H2b
2xH3
2xH4

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15
Q

Name the 2 domains of a Histone

A

Globular domain

Amino tail domain

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16
Q

What are HATS?

Transcriptional Activators

A

Histone Acetyl Transferases
Acetylation of Lysines in the tail neutralise thier charge in turn reducing affinity of tail to the DNA
This opne sup DNA and allows RNA polymerase to bind

17
Q

What is HDAC

Transcriptional repressor

A

Histone De-acetylases
Removes acetyl group of histone unit
restored positive charge of histones
Closes down DNA so transcription cannot occur

18
Q

Define DNA methylation

A

Addition of CH3 group to DNA

19
Q

Which base is usually methylated in DNA?

A

C

20
Q

Describe the role of DNMTs

A

DNA methyl transferases
Enzymes that methylate DNA are recruited by genes to transcriptional represssors along with HDAC when long term repression is required

21
Q

Does DNA methylation causes or inhibit gene translation?

A

Inhibit

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