Modalities Ch. 5

Question 1

inflammatory response

Answer 1

a local response to an irritant

Question 2

purpose of inflammation

Answer 2

defending the body against outside substances
disposing of dead and dying tissue
preparing the body for tissue repair

Question 3

5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 3

redness - rubor
heat - calor
swelling - edema
pain - dolor
lack of function - funca leasa

Question 4

phases of inflammation

Answer 4

primary injury
ultrastructural changes
chemical mediation
hemodynamic changes
metabolic changes
permeability changes
leukocyte migration
phagocytosis

Question 5

primary injury

Answer 5

any occurrence that causes cell damage

Question 6

ultrastructural changes

• what is it?
• result

Answer 6

changes to the cell that occur as a result of injury
cell eventually dies
changes can be a result of primary or secondary injury

Question 7

chemical mediation

Answer 7

chemical changes are activated by structural changes
chemicals signal to the rest of the body
chemicals are largely responsible for regulation the inflammatory stage

Question 8

names of chemicals or necessary parts

Answer 8

mast cells
chemotactin
histamine, kinins
serotonin
heparin

Question 9

mast cells

Answer 9

where the chemicals come from

Question 10

chemotactin

Answer 10

regulates chemotaxis (attraction and process of chemical transport)

Question 11

histamine, kinins

Answer 11

capillary permeability

vasodilation

Question 12

serotonin

Answer 12

cap. permeability

Question 13

heparin

Answer 13

prevents the blood from clotting

Question 14

hemodynamic

Answer 14

changes in blood flow

Question 15

what hemodynamic changes occur?

• immediately
• following

Answer 15

immediate vasoconstriction
-hypoxia triggers inflammatory response
followed by vasolilation
-release of platelets
increase in capillaries
-leukocytes (white blood cells) arrive

Question 16

leukocyte function

Answer 16

move through capillaries and bind to endothelium (vessel wall)
follows the wall until it finds an opening to get through

Question 17

metabolic changes function

Answer 17

cause further structural damage
hypoxic environment is produced
cells become anaerobic
-less efficient
dysfunction of the sodium pump
cell eventually dies

Question 18

intracellular acidosis

Answer 18

increased acid levels within the cells
lysosomes are overtasked with trying to remove the increased foreign matter
lysosome membranes rupture leading to enzymatic chaos in the cell that increases the tissue damage

Question 19

lysosomes

Answer 19

contain enzymes that digest foreign matter within the cells

Question 20

permeability changes

Answer 20

histamine, kinins and serotonic increase permeability of small blood vessels via chemotaxis
endothelial cells contract
leukocytes move through the endothelium into the injured tissue
permeability is a two-way street - out and in
proteins enter the blood stream
-increased viscosity
-increased hematoma

Question 21

leukocyte migration

Answer 21

the more damaged tissue, the more leukocytes migrate to the area
neutrophils and macrophages

Question 22

neutrophils

Answer 22

small and numerous
first line of defense against infection
die fighting within about seven hours
their battles with other organisms may produce damage to adjacent tissue
their death signals macrophages

Question 23

macrophages

Answer 23

larger leukocytes
reproduce
responsible for cleaning up injury sites
breakdown cellular debris so that it can be picked up by the lymph vessels
produce cytokines

Question 24

phagocytosis

Answer 24

digestion of cellular debris and other foreign material into pieces small enough to be removed from the injury site

Question 25

secondary injury

Answer 25

body’s response to tissue damaged by trauma (primary injury) leads to further tissue damage

Question 26

secondary enzymatic injury

Answer 26

cell death
lysosomes release enzymes
enzymes break down the membranes of neighboring live cells
excessive neutrophils lead to excessive tissue breakdown (theory)

Question 27

secondary metabolic injury

Answer 27

hypoxia
cells have insufficient fuel
inadequate waste removal
cell death

Question 28

swelling vs. edema

Answer 28

swelling: increase in tissue volume
edema: accumulation of the fluid portion of blood in the tissue

Question 29

fluid dynamics

Answer 29

the movement of fluid between capillaries and tissue
normally balanced
an imbalance results in edema
-more fluid coming in that going out

Question 30

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 30

capillary filtration pressure: the pressure difference between the inside the outside of a vellel
hydrostatic pressure: the pressure induced by a column of water. PUSHES WATER OUT
capillary hydrostatic pressure (CHP): forces fluid out of the capillary
tissue hydrostatic pressure (THP): forces fluid into the capillary

Question 31

oncotic pressure

Answer 31

pressure resulting from the attraction of fluid by free proteins
tissue oncotic pressure (TOP): pulls fluid out of the capillary
capillary oncotic pressure (COP): pulls fluid into the capillary

Question 32

fluid filtration in healthy tissue

Answer 32

slightly more going out of capillary (free proteins)

lymphatic system removes it

Question 33

fluid filtration in injured tissue

Answer 33

hematoma (tissue debris and hemorrhage) dumps large amounts of fluid into the capillary
increases tissue oncotic pressure

Question 34

treating swelling

Answer 34

swelling cannot be reversed
further swelling can be prevented
cold application decreases secondary metabolic injury
decrease in proteins
decrease in TOP