Mod 9b Flashcards
in edu context, hearing aid, has residual hearing to process linguistic information through audition
hard hearing
people who are deaf are unable to hear sounds at ____ decibels or more
90
people who are hard of hearing are unable to hear sounds ______ 90db
below
in educational context, cant process ling info with/without hearing aid
deaf
when someone is born deaf
congenitally deaf
when someone becomes deaf after birth
ADVENTITIOUSLY DEAF
deafness * occurs at birth or before the dev of speech and language
pre lingual deaf
deafness after language dev, typically 12-24mo difference
post lingual
hearing threshold levels focus on hearing ____, ____ on speech and _____ ability
sensitivity, stress, language
- more than — of kids getting spec ed for hearing come from diverse backgrounds, IN na MANY non English speaking immigrants = deaf
50%,
this part of the ear has the auricle, external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane
outer ear
this part of the ear has OSSICLES(3 little bones)
‣ Malleus
‣ Stapes
‣ Oval Window
middle ear
this part of the ear has the vestibular mechanism, ‣ 3 semi cirle canals (snails) 2 fluid filled cavity, fluid moves when ossicles move and fluid is changed into electrical impulses
accounts for balance too, not only sound , is affected by ear fluid
and the cochlea
inner ear
Establishes hearing at different frequencies (e.g., 250 Hz)
‣ * Usually measure 0 dB to 110 dB
‣ * For each frequency, the audiologist records a measure of degree of hearing
‣ impairment.
‣ each ear tested seperately
◦ PURE TONE AUDIOMETRY
during _____, ‣ use computer to measure OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS which indicate how well cochlea is functioning by giving auditory stimulation
‣ this is done when newborn - very important
* follow up needs to be done at 3 and 6mo
* part of well baby visits
* intervention starts at 6 months if hearing impairment
* without follow up not many are identified until school age
screening
‣ tests detection and understanding of speech.
‣ * Speech reception threshold (SRT): the decibel level at which a person can
‣ understand speech
◦ SPEECH AUDIOMETRY
the ____ ___ ____ _____ (sound banana)* helps to see if loss is conductive, sensoryneural or both
* pure tone audio tests can be transferred here to see whats above (cant hear, soft sounds) or below (can hear)
* most concern of speech banana because where most social stuff happens
audiogram of familiar sounds
larger the db, larger the ____
sound
sound is painful at _____ or louder
125dB
the lowest level at which people with normal hearing
can hear
- Audiometric zero
- number of vibrations per unit of time for sound wave* measured in cycles/second or hertz (Hz); 1 Hz = 1 cycle/second
freq/pitch (hz)
- Frequencies: we can hear frequencies from____ _____ Hz; many of
- these audible sounds are outside the speech range
20 – 20,000 Hz
the energy range most important for hearing speech sounds range
* from
500 – 2,000 Hz
◦ low pitch sounds ___, ◦ high pitch sounds______
250-500hz, 1000-5000- most consonant letters stfsh
◦ interference with the transfer of sound along the conductive pathway of the middle or outer ear, ◦ outer ear = not as serious but can cause issues/hearing impairment (______, _______, ______)
conductive loss, atresia, external otitis, tumours
conductive loss in the middle ear includes problems with ____ and ____
ossicles, otitis media (Eustachian tubes)
sensironeural problems are usually in ______ ear. greater than _____ dis = inner ear problem
inner,60
Most inner ear impairments are _____, the ____ ___ gene is the most congenital cause
genetic, connexin 26
most frequent non-genetic cause of deafness in
infants)
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV)(Herpes)
the most severely affected area of development in deaf people
- language comprehension and speech development
◦ children who get deaf _____ understand language and have more _____than congenital
better, advantage
children profoundly deaf can have hard time hearing grown up speech so learning through immitation is ____
limited
ASL ____ translate to British Sign Language
doesnt
t/f - sign language is a true language that has grammatical complexity at the word and sentence level and there can be different dialects
t
Five Parameters of ASL
Handshape, Location, Movement, , new ones = Orientation (palm orientation), and Facial Expressions and/or Non-manual Markers (mouthing, shoulder shrugs).
t/f - deaf kids reach milestones at sign language like those with spoken language at around same time and can even have more vocabulary
t
communication is at around _____ to ____ dbs in the speech banana
30-45
according to the audiogram of familiar sounds, a dog barking can be heard at ____ db and _____ hz, but you _____ hear speech banana
70, 250, cant
in the audiogram of familiar sounds, the speech banana is of big concern because it is where most
social communication happens
the audiogram of familiar sounds helps to see if hearing loss is ____ , ____ or both
conductive, sensorineural
the decibel level at which a person can
understand speech
Speech reception threshold (SRT)
the _______ hemisphere of the brain is the neuro foundation of ASL, like spoken language
left
for intellectual ability and deafness, performance tests administered in sign offer a ____
assessment and show that there ___ difference in IQ
fairer, inst
t/f - in tests for deaf people, Multiple measures (including non-verbal performance tests) are used to assess intellectual ability, use ASL skill standardized tests
t
most children with hearing loss perform
significantly _____ compared to hearing classmates
worse
for academic achievement, * deaf kids with deaf parents usually are _______ off
better
because of the significant low academic achievement compared to hearing classmates, deaf students benefit from explicit _____ based instruction as _____ and ____ awareness are characteristics of students who have reading impairments
phonics, phonological, phonemic
Students with hearing impairment are at risk of social interaction problems, so including ___ _____ for all students can help all have social adjustment
sign language
socially, deaf ____ have a harder time making friends
girls
____ % of deaf kids have hearing parents, they have more risk of ____ beacuse they dont fit in at home
90, unhappiness
Factors demarcating the Deaf community as a culture:
- Linguistic differentiation
- Attitudinal deafness
- Behavioural norms
- Endogamous marital patterns
◦ marrying in a specific group/culture/ethnic groups - Historical awareness
- Voluntary organizational networks
- common bond of sign langusge
cochlear implants include a ___ ___ and _____, can be placed as early as ___ and result in better speech and language production, however many in the Deaf community ______ like it. recommended for _____ ___ loss
microphone, speech processor, colid, 12mo, dont, sensurineural bilaterla
done to see how likely one will have a deaf child and potentially decrease the chances.Deaf culture dont like but on other hand like using it to see if there carrying the connection ___ gene
genetic engineering debate, 26
teaching speech
oralism
teaching manual communication
manualism
promotes ASL as first language and supports instruction in Deaf culture
article - rather than having speech interventions, should have language interventions so they can communicate
bicultural bilingualism
teaching both manual communication and speech
total communication or simultaneous communication
- approach focuses exclusively on using audition to improve
speech and language development; relies heavily on amplification technology,
such as hearing aids and cochlear implants; emphasizes speech traini
auditory verbal approach
- Focus on visual cues (speechreading, mouth movements and cued speech)
auditory oral approach
involves teaching children to use visual information to understand what is being said to them; the goal is to teach students to attend to a variety of stimuli in addition to specific movements of the lips
speech reading
aids speechreading in people with hearing impairment; the speaker uses eight handshapes as cues for certain consonants, and four locations near the mouth serve as cues for vowel
cued speech
different sounds that are visually identical when spoken; speech readers cannot tell the difference between the pronunciation of p, b, and m * Speakers vary in how they produce sounds
* Factors such as poor lighting, rapid speaking, and talking with one’s head turned impact speechreading
homophenes
criticism for oral approaches (aud verbal and oral) include that it is ____ to learn bc of ______ and the ___ language
hard, homophemes, english
a total communication approach used simultaneously with oral methods in the total communication approach to teaching students who are deaf; differs from American Sign Language because the signs maintain the same word order as spoken English (signed english systems, not a language).
◦ not true languages so not same benefits
◦ unsatisfaction with use more than ASL
◦ too slow and awkward to benefit
signing English systems
the representation of letters of the English alphabet by finger positions, is also used occasionally to spell out certain words.
* Maintains syntax of English (not a language, does not have its own syntax)
* Less fluent than ASL
total communication approach
fingerspelling
fluency in asl ____ with language learning. ____ be fostered because natural and efficient way for deaf students to interact with world
helps, should
according to the bicultural bilingual approach (3)
- ASL is considered the primary language
- People who are deaf help develop program and curriculum
- Curriculum includes instruction in Deaf culture
deaf community are critical of inclusion because of (2)
culture deficit (lack of deaf peers) social deficit (no kids to sign with)
t/f - for deaf kids in inclusive education, it doesnt depend on individual but the classmates
f 0 individually varies
Cottage Acquisition Scales of Listening Language and Speech (CASLLS)
and Visual Communication and Sign Language Checklist (VCSL) assess ____ for deaf kids
ability to communicate
◦ Curriculum-based measurement
◦ STAR Reading, Math, & Early Literacy Assessments are ways of _____ for deaf kids academic skills
progress monitoring
Children who are deaf, with parents who are deaf, tend to do ____ than
those with parents who are hearing (asl at same rate)
better
- kid with cochlear implant may fare better when parents are _____
responsive
hearing parents shouldn’t sign with their deaf child (t or f)
f - they should it shows they care about language and their Childs community (deaf)
t/f - no programs are available for deaf people in North America
f - there are 100+
