Mod 10

Question 1

Marley wears glasses and still has functional vision, however her vision is 20/200 even with her glasses, meaning she can see at 20 feet what we can see at 200. Her field of vision is also less than 20 degrees, so her peripheral is restricted. is she legally blind?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

Riley has visual acuity that is 20/80 even with glasses. is she legally blind?

Answer 2

no low vision

Question 3

the educational definition of blindness focuses on what is needed to _______

Answer 3

read/function

Question 4

according to the educational definition of blindness, blind people ____ use braille and ______ methods

Answer 4

should, audio

Question 5

according to the educational definition of blindness, those with low vision _____ read text, but may need _______. should also learn _____

Answer 5

can, magnification, braille

Question 6

Based on their ability to read print , a student can be identified as being ____blind but not _____ blind

Answer 6

legally, educationally

Question 7

blindness is primarily a disability affecting _____. it is one of the least prevalent disabilities for ____

Answer 7

adults, kids

Question 8

in the usa, ____% of 6-21 year olds are visually impaired (which is likely an underestimate)

Answer 8

0.04

Question 9

for seeing, light rays first reflect off object and pass the _________ bending the rays to focus the image. then light rays pass through ____ ____, then _____ in the _______. next they pass through the ____, which refines focus, then the ____ _____. light rays then focus on the _______ that has _______ connected to _______, carrying info back to the brain.

Answer 9

cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, iris, lens,vitreous humour, retina, nerve fibres, optic nerve

Question 10

______ humour is watery and between the cornea and lens, but ___ humour is clear jelly that fills the eye between the retina and lens

Answer 10

aqueous, vitreous

Question 11

snellen charts are only used to assess visual _____ for ____ objects, not _____ vision.

Answer 11

acuity, distant, near

Question 12

involves observing the student interacting in different environments (e.g., classroom, outdoors, grocery stores), under different lighting conditions to see how well the student can identify objects and perform various task

Answer 12

functional vision assessment

Question 13

____ errors are the most common causes of visual impairment in children and adults and include _____, ______, _____.

Answer 13

refraction, myopia (nearsighted), hyperopia (far sighted), astigmatism(blurry)

Question 14

in ____ the eye is too long so picture is reflected too early in eye, while in _____ eye is too short so picture is reflected past the eye.

Answer 14

myopia, hyperopia

Question 15

t/f - you cant read with myopia

Answer 15

false

Question 16

causes of visual impairment affecting children and adults that are because of diesease and damage include ___, ___, ___

Answer 16

glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy

Question 17

a condition often, but not always, due to excessive
pressure in the eyeball(aqueous humour); the cause is unknown; if untreated, blindness results

Answer 17

glaucoma

Question 18

a condition caused by clouding of the lens of the eye. in kids w congenital, affects distance and colour vision. can be corrected with surgery

Answer 18

cataracts

Question 19

a condition that results from interference with
the blood supply to the retina; the fastest growing cause of blindness.

Answer 19

diabetic retinopathy

Question 20

3 causes of visual impairment that primarily affect children

Answer 20

cortical visual impairment (CVI), optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

Question 21

___ ___ ____ is the leading cause of visual Impairment in kids, and involves damage to parts of brain responsible for vision. the eye may be normal. Often co-occurs with other neurological disabilities * Brain plasticity can result in unexpected changes; such irregularities make
studying blindness due to it is very challenging

Answer 21

CVI/Cortical visual impairment

Question 22

__ ___ ___ is the Underdevelopment of the optic nerve * Usually accompanied by other neurological disorders (e.g.,
cerebral palsy, seizures, intellectual disabilities, autism) * Can be a factor in behavioural and cognitive problems * Maternal health may be a factor * Prevalence is rising but potentially due to better diagnosis or enviro factors

Answer 22

ONH/Optic nerve hypoplasia

Question 23

___ ___ ___ is * Abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye causes the retina to
detach - especially in preemie babies low birthweight (smaller more likely) * 1950s: excessive concentrations of oxygen, often administered to
premature infants to prevent brain damage, were causing blindness by
affecting the growth of blood vessels in the eye * Prematurity heightens the risk for ROP because blood vessels of the
eye are not always fully developed * Laser therapy and medical treatments can slow progression

Answer 23

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

Question 24

visual impairments from improper muscle functioning include ___ and ___

Answer 24

Strabismus, Nystagmus

Question 25

a condition in which rapid involuntary movements of the eyes
occur, usually resulting in dizziness and nausea

Answer 25

• Nystagmus

Question 26

a condition in which one or both eyes are directed inward
(crossed eyes) or outward. can result in permanent blindness in deviated eye as brain rejects signals sent. can be corrected manually w exercises or surgery

Answer 26

Strabismus:

Question 27

a hereditary condition of visual impairment mainly affecting children that usually causes the field of vision to narrow (tunnel vision) and affects one’s ability to see in low light (night blindness). often due to malfunctioning of brain or inner ear issue. late stage involves retinal pigmentation that accumulates and thin blood vessels and pale optic disc.

Answer 27

Retinitis pigmentosa

Question 28

blindness has _____ affect on language development. it limits ways of exploring environment so caregivers ____ to verbally engage at high level while motivating their kid. motivation to master language is usually ___ as that is how they can communicate

Answer 28

little, must, high

Question 29

for intellectual ability for blind people, there ____ reason to think blindness results in lower intelligence but performance on standardized tests is _____ because ____ comparable tests exist

Answer 29

isnt, hard, no

Question 30

for conceptual abilities in blindness, there ____ earlier delays compared to sighted, but ___ ___ when language develops. initiative has to be taken to learn about enviro. need ___ and ____ instruction, inluding repetition.

Answer 30

are, catch up, extensive and intensive

Question 31

for functional skills and blindness, it is _____ to be able to use a means other than eyesight to complete tasks in non-clinical conditions in both familiar and unfamiliar environments (cooking, braille)

Answer 31

important

Question 32

ability to sense where one is in relation to others and to objects ( orientation), and to move through the environment (mobility) (tummy time, holding baby while doing chores)

Answer 32

Orientation and Mobility

Question 33

A nonsequential way of conceptualizing the spatial
environment; know where several points in the environment are simultaneously

Answer 33

cognitive mapping

Question 34

t/f - obstacle sense doesn’t exist, instead people use echolocation

Answer 34

t

Question 35

people with visual impairments ______ do better in developing better acuity in other senses

Answer 35

dont

Question 36

t/f - braille dyslexia isnt a thing

Answer 36

f - it is

Question 37

___ _____ is critical in braille for academic achievement

Answer 37

phono awareness

Question 38

low achievement in blind students is usually associated with __ ____ or lack of exposure to _____. need to be ____ when comparing blind students to sighted students

Answer 38

low expectations, braille, cautious

Question 39

social cues need to be _____ taught to blind people for social adjustment (social smiling ie.)

Answer 39

directly

Question 40

this curriculum for the blind in the usa expands the curriculum in 9 areas – Assistive technology
– Career education
– Compensatory skills (e.g., braille, auditory materials)
– Independent living skills
– Orientation and mobility
– Recreation and leisure
– Self-determination
– Sensory efficiency
– Social interaction

Answer 40

expanded core curriculum (ECC)

Question 41

4 recommendations for teachers working with blind students:

Answer 41

– Call students’ names when addressing them
– Read aloud what is written on the board or displayed in class
– Allow extra time to complete tasks
– Give explicit directions (most important modification)

Question 42

4 classroom modifications for blind students

Answer 42

• Braille * Use of remaining sight * Listening skills, and * Orientation and mobility training

Question 43

only ____ % of blind children use braille as their primary way to read and write which is way ____ than in the ’60s. worry it can lead to high _____ rates

Answer 43

8.6%, lower, illiteracy

Question 44

the kind of braille preferred in English countries: ______

Answer 44

Unified English Braille

Question 45

t/f - low vision students should be encouraged to use their remaining sight and not use braille

Answer 45

f - should learn braille

Question 46

the most effective O & M aid

Answer 46

the long cane

Question 47

early interventions for blind children:

Answer 47

• Intervention should be started as early as possible
• Direct facilitation of interactions with sighted children
• Parent involvement and support