Mod 10 Flashcards
Marley wears glasses and still has functional vision, however her vision is 20/200 even with her glasses, meaning she can see at 20 feet what we can see at 200. Her field of vision is also less than 20 degrees, so her peripheral is restricted. is she legally blind?
yes
Riley has visual acuity that is 20/80 even with glasses. is she legally blind?
no low vision
the educational definition of blindness focuses on what is needed to _______
read/function
according to the educational definition of blindness, blind people ____ use braille and ______ methods
should, audio
according to the educational definition of blindness, those with low vision _____ read text, but may need _______. should also learn _____
can, magnification, braille
Based on their ability to read print , a student can be identified as being ____blind but not _____ blind
legally, educationally
blindness is primarily a disability affecting _____. it is one of the least prevalent disabilities for ____
adults, kids
in the usa, ____% of 6-21 year olds are visually impaired (which is likely an underestimate)
0.04
for seeing, light rays first reflect off object and pass the _________ bending the rays to focus the image. then light rays pass through ____ ____, then _____ in the _______. next they pass through the ____, which refines focus, then the ____ _____. light rays then focus on the _______ that has _______ connected to _______, carrying info back to the brain.
cornea, aqueous humour, pupil, iris, lens,vitreous humour, retina, nerve fibres, optic nerve
______ humour is watery and between the cornea and lens, but ___ humour is clear jelly that fills the eye between the retina and lens
aqueous, vitreous
snellen charts are only used to assess visual _____ for ____ objects, not _____ vision.
acuity, distant, near
involves observing the student interacting in different environments (e.g., classroom, outdoors, grocery stores), under different lighting conditions to see how well the student can identify objects and perform various task
functional vision assessment
____ errors are the most common causes of visual impairment in children and adults and include _____, ______, _____.
refraction, myopia (nearsighted), hyperopia (far sighted), astigmatism(blurry)
in ____ the eye is too long so picture is reflected too early in eye, while in _____ eye is too short so picture is reflected past the eye.
myopia, hyperopia
t/f - you cant read with myopia
false
causes of visual impairment affecting children and adults that are because of diesease and damage include ___, ___, ___
glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy
a condition often, but not always, due to excessive
pressure in the eyeball(aqueous humour); the cause is unknown; if untreated, blindness results
glaucoma
a condition caused by clouding of the lens of the eye. in kids w congenital, affects distance and colour vision. can be corrected with surgery
cataracts
a condition that results from interference with
the blood supply to the retina; the fastest growing cause of blindness.
diabetic retinopathy
3 causes of visual impairment that primarily affect children
cortical visual impairment (CVI), optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
___ ___ ____ is the leading cause of visual Impairment in kids, and involves damage to parts of brain responsible for vision. the eye may be normal. Often co-occurs with other neurological disabilities * Brain plasticity can result in unexpected changes; such irregularities make
studying blindness due to it is very challenging
CVI/Cortical visual impairment
__ ___ ___ is the Underdevelopment of the optic nerve * Usually accompanied by other neurological disorders (e.g.,
cerebral palsy, seizures, intellectual disabilities, autism) * Can be a factor in behavioural and cognitive problems * Maternal health may be a factor * Prevalence is rising but potentially due to better diagnosis or enviro factors
ONH/Optic nerve hypoplasia
___ ___ ___ is * Abnormal growth of blood vessels in the eye causes the retina to
detach - especially in preemie babies low birthweight (smaller more likely) * 1950s: excessive concentrations of oxygen, often administered to
premature infants to prevent brain damage, were causing blindness by
affecting the growth of blood vessels in the eye * Prematurity heightens the risk for ROP because blood vessels of the
eye are not always fully developed * Laser therapy and medical treatments can slow progression
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
visual impairments from improper muscle functioning include ___ and ___
Strabismus, Nystagmus
a condition in which rapid involuntary movements of the eyes
occur, usually resulting in dizziness and nausea
- Nystagmus
a condition in which one or both eyes are directed inward
(crossed eyes) or outward. can result in permanent blindness in deviated eye as brain rejects signals sent. can be corrected manually w exercises or surgery
Strabismus:
a hereditary condition of visual impairment mainly affecting children that usually causes the field of vision to narrow (tunnel vision) and affects one’s ability to see in low light (night blindness). often due to malfunctioning of brain or inner ear issue. late stage involves retinal pigmentation that accumulates and thin blood vessels and pale optic disc.
Retinitis pigmentosa
blindness has _____ affect on language development. it limits ways of exploring environment so caregivers ____ to verbally engage at high level while motivating their kid. motivation to master language is usually ___ as that is how they can communicate
little, must, high
for intellectual ability for blind people, there ____ reason to think blindness results in lower intelligence but performance on standardized tests is _____ because ____ comparable tests exist
isnt, hard, no
for conceptual abilities in blindness, there ____ earlier delays compared to sighted, but ___ ___ when language develops. initiative has to be taken to learn about enviro. need ___ and ____ instruction, inluding repetition.
are, catch up, extensive and intensive
for functional skills and blindness, it is _____ to be able to use a means other than eyesight to complete tasks in non-clinical conditions in both familiar and unfamiliar environments (cooking, braille)
important
ability to sense where one is in relation to others and to objects ( orientation), and to move through the environment (mobility) (tummy time, holding baby while doing chores)
Orientation and Mobility
A nonsequential way of conceptualizing the spatial
environment; know where several points in the environment are simultaneously
cognitive mapping
t/f - obstacle sense doesn’t exist, instead people use echolocation
t
people with visual impairments ______ do better in developing better acuity in other senses
dont
t/f - braille dyslexia isnt a thing
f - it is
___ _____ is critical in braille for academic achievement
phono awareness
low achievement in blind students is usually associated with __ ____ or lack of exposure to _____. need to be ____ when comparing blind students to sighted students
low expectations, braille, cautious
social cues need to be _____ taught to blind people for social adjustment (social smiling ie.)
directly
this curriculum for the blind in the usa expands the curriculum in 9 areas – Assistive technology
– Career education
– Compensatory skills (e.g., braille, auditory materials)
– Independent living skills
– Orientation and mobility
– Recreation and leisure
– Self-determination
– Sensory efficiency
– Social interaction
expanded core curriculum (ECC)
4 recommendations for teachers working with blind students:
– Call students’ names when addressing them
– Read aloud what is written on the board or displayed in class
– Allow extra time to complete tasks
– Give explicit directions (most important modification)
4 classroom modifications for blind students
- Braille * Use of remaining sight * Listening skills, and * Orientation and mobility training
only ____ % of blind children use braille as their primary way to read and write which is way ____ than in the ’60s. worry it can lead to high _____ rates
8.6%, lower, illiteracy
the kind of braille preferred in English countries: ______
Unified English Braille
t/f - low vision students should be encouraged to use their remaining sight and not use braille
f - should learn braille
the most effective O & M aid
the long cane
early interventions for blind children:
- Intervention should be started as early as possible
- Direct facilitation of interactions with sighted children
- Parent involvement and support
