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Mod 8 - GI Meds Flashcards

1
Q

Define pathogen

A

an organism causing disease to its host

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2
Q

what can bacteria be identified with?

A

a culture and sensitivity test or a gram stain test

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of antimicrobials

A

broad-spectrum or narrow-spectrum

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of antibiotics

A

bacteriostatic and bactericidal

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5
Q

define culture, where is it collected from, how it is used to identify the pathogen.

A

a test performed to examine different body substances for the presence of bacteria or fungus, collected by the nurse from pt’s blood, urine, sputum, wound bed, etc., then incubated in a growth-promoting environment to identify.

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6
Q

define sensitive analysis

A

a test performed in addition to a culture in order to select an effective antibiotic to treat the microorganism

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7
Q

define resistance

A

a characteristic of bacteria demonstrated lack of effective treatment by an antibiotic when a sensitivity analysis is performed.

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8
Q

define gram stain

A

a test used to quickly diagnose bacterial infection, ID the bac as gram +/-, assist the HCP in selecting an appropriate antibiotic to treat the infection. pos=violet, neg=red/pink

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9
Q

eg of gram positive bac

A

MRSA

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10
Q

eg of gram negative bac

A

N. gonorrhoeae, E.coli

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11
Q

define narrow spectrum

A

targets only specific subsets of bacterial pathogens

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12
Q

define broad spectrum

A

targets a wide variety of bacterial pathogens, including gram =/- species

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13
Q

define superinfection

A

secondary infection in a pt with a preexisting infection. Eg: C. Diff and yeast infections as a result of antibotic therapy

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14
Q

What will Broad treat and what will narrow treat? (+ or -)

A 
broad = both
narrow = one or other
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15
Q

define bacteriostatic

A

stop bacteria from reproducing may not kill it

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16
Q

define bactericidal

A

kill the target bacteria (need this one if immunocompromised)

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17
Q

what are administration considerations of antimicrobials

A

half life
liver and renal fn
dose dependancy/ time dependancy

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18
Q

define dose dependancy

A

more significant response occurs in the body when the medication is administered in large doses to provide a large amount of medication to the site of infection for a short period of time

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19
Q

define time dependency

A

occurs when greater therapeutic effects are seen with lower blood levels over a longer period of time

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20
Q

define synergistic interactions

A

concurrent drug administration producing a synergistic interaction that is better than the efficacy of either drug alone

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21
Q

define antagonistic interactions

A

concurrent drug administration causes harmful effects such as a decrease of drug activity and decrease therapeutic levels due to increase metabolism and elimination, or increase potential for toxicity due to decrease metabolism and elimination

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22
Q

nursing considerations for hyperacidity medications

A

abdominal assessment, doc bowel patterns, vit B12 malabsorption may occur when stomach acid is altered, cultural preferences, report immediately if coughing up blood

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23
Q

define diarrhea

A

passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day

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24
Q

nursing considerations for antidiarrheal medications

A

abdominal assessment, doc bowel patterns, stool characteristics, skin breakdown, dehydration, dont exceed doses of OTC meds, use probiotics, if not resolved in 48hr call HCP

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25
what do antidiarrheal meds do?
relieve symptoms of diarrhea, but do not eliminate the cause of it
26
define constipation
3 or fewer BM in a week, stools are hard, dry, lumpy, painful/difficult to pass
27
what are possible causes of constipation
lack of fibre, lack of fluids, lack of ambulation, various disease processes, surgery/anesthesia, opiates, S/E of medications
28
nursing considerations for constipations
abdominal assessment, date of last BM, what laxative to use (dif ones for dif lengths of time since last BM, blockage and risk of perforation?
29
define nausea
unpleasant sensation of having the urge to vomit
30
define vomiting
forceful expulsion of gastric contents
31
define chemoreceptor trigger zone
area in the brain that responds directly to toxins in the bloodstream and also recieves stimuli for other locations that stimulates the vomiting center
32
define motion sickness
vomiting induced by the vestibular system
33
define vomiting center
inhibits peristalsis and produces retro peristaltic contractions in the small bowel to stomach, simultaneous contractions in the abdominal muscles and diaphragm that generate high pressures to propel the stomach contents upwards
34
nursing considerations for nausea/vomiting
what is the cause, frequency and amount, appetite, fluid intake, dehydration, timing, drink fluids in small sips, bland food, small meals, avoid strong smells
35
what are possible causes for nausea
``` stress/anxiety other medications (opioids) pressure on GI tract -pregnancy -liver disease withdrawal/substance use surgery/anesthesia malnutrition ```
36
what can trigger the vomiting reflex
smells, poisons, toxins, medications
37
how does erythromyocin work
inhibit RNA synthesis and suppress reproduction of bacteria
38
what are the uses of erythromyocin
respiratory infections, otitis media, pelvic inflammatory infections, chlamydia
39
what are the O/E of erythromyocin
kill your good bacteria and nausea, vomiting, GI upset
40
what are the considerations of erythromyocin
timing of doses, finishing prescription, taking with food, can cause a super infection because it will kill good bacteria Eg; yeast infection after/with a dif. infection
41
how does calcium carbonate work
neutralize gastric acidity and elevate pH of stomach
42
what are the uses of calcium carbonate
relieve heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach
43
what are the O/E of calcium carbonate
rebound hyperacidity
44
what are the considerations of calcium carbonate
acid rebound effect when used long term don't administer 1-2 hours around other medications smoking cessation can decrease stomach acidity avoid foods and bevs with high acidity drink a full glass of water after administering
45
how does ranitidine work
block histamine's action at the H2 receptor of the parietal cells, decrease production of HCL
46
what are the uses of ranitidine
treat GERD, peptic ulcer disease, erosive esophagitis, hypersecretory conditions, upper GI bleeding
47
what are the O/E of ranitidine
none
48
what are the nursing considerations for ranitidine
may require dose adjustment if preexisting liver or kidney dysfunction smoking interferes take 15-60 min before eating/drinking what may cause heartburn
49
how does pantoprazole work
binds to the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system in parietal cells, inhibiting secretion of HCL for >24hr
50
what are the uses of pantoprazole
GERD, prevent further damage, allow to heal, H. pylori
51
what are the O/E of the pantoprazole
too much reduction of production of acid
52
what are some nursing considerations of pantoprazole
don't take with other meds | use of GI irritants is discouraged
53
how does loperamide work
decrease flow of fluid/electrolytes into the bowel and slow peristalsis
54
what are the uses of loperamide
diarrhea
55
what are the O/E of loperamide
constipation
56
what are the nursing considerations of loperamide
should not exceed rec. dose (leads to abnormal heart rhythm) | avoid CNS depressants (drowsy)
57
how does lactobacillus work
help replenish normal gut flora
58
what are the uses of lactobacillus
prevent and treat diarrhea
59
what are the O/E of lactobacillus
gas and bloating
60
what are some nursing considerations for lactobacillus
take when taking an antibiotic
61
how does polyethylene glycol (PEG) work
cause water to be retained with stool, soften stool, and increase the number of bowel movements
62
what are the uses of PEG
constipation
63
what are the O/E of PEG
diarrhea
64
what are the nursing considerations of PEG
stir and dissolve in bev, produces BM in 1-3 days
65
how does bisacodyl work
stimulate lining of intestine to contract and increase peristalsis
66
what are the uses of bisacodyl
constipation
67
what are the O/E of bisacodyl
diarrhea
68
what are the nursing considerations of bisacodyl
BM within 15 minutes oral and rectal form may cause cramps, dizziness, rectal burning
69
how does dimenhydrinate work
block H1 receptors in the vestibular center
70
what are the uses of dimenhydrinate
nausea and vomiting associated with motion
71
what are the O/E of dimenhydrinate
drowsiness
72
what are the nursing considerations of dimenhydrinate
contradicted with glaucoma, enlarged prostate, avoid CNS depressants
73
how does metoclopramide work
blocks dopamine and increases peristalsis to empty GI and decrease nausea
74
what are the uses of metoclopramide
nausea, vomiting
75
what are the O/E of metoclopramide
diarrhea, EPS, GI upset
76
what are the nursing considerations of metoclopramide
good for surgery/chemo/anesthesia related nausea dont use when GI motility may be dangerous/perforation, blockage, hemorrhage EPS, dont use if epilectic
77
how does acetaminophen work
inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins
78
what are the uses of acetaminophen
mild pain and fever, not anti-inflammatory
79
what are the O/E of acetaminophen
toxicity
80
what are the nursing considerations of acetaminophen
``` no with alcohol don't exceed dosage of 4000mg/day elderly 3000mg/day chronic alcohol use 2000mg/day check other meds to see if they contain acetaminophen (cold and flu) ```

Pharm (9 decks)

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