[MOD 8] Circulatory, Urogenital, Nervous System Flashcards
The three (3) primary functions of circulatory systems.
- Transport of respiratory gases, food materials, waste products, hormones, and minerals.
- Defense against foreign organisms.
- Maintenance of body temperature.
What type of circulatory system do toads have?
Closed type
This organ lies in the thorax and pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and pumps oxygenated blood to other organs.
Heart
These vessels carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries and Arterioles
Note: A stands for away
Smallest tissues that send blood.
Capillaries
Order the vessels by size, largest to smallest.
Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries
What are the vessels that carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart?
Venules, then Veins
This is a dark blood vessel underneath the linea alba that dips into the liver.
Anterior Abdominal Vein
Thin transparent membrane that directly covers the heart. The whole entire term.
Pericardium
A shiny membrane that envelopes the heart.
The inner part of the pericardium.
Pericardial Membrane
The cavity where the heart is situated. It provides pericardial fluid, which reduces friction.
Pericardial Cavity
Two (2) globular structures above the ventricles.
Atria (sing. Atrium)
Most posterior conical structures of the heart
Ventricle
Cone-shaped tube on the ventral side of the ventricle.
Conus arteriosus
Triangular sac on the dorsal side of the heart. It is continuous with the right atrium. And receives deoxygenated blood from various parts of the body.
Sinus venosus
The wall separating the right and left atrium.
Inner-atrial septum
Thin flaps that open between the atria and ventricle
Atrioventricular valves
Flaps that open into the conus arteriosus
Semilunar valves
Three (3) areas of the venous system
Systemic Veins
Portal Veins
Pulmonary Veins
These are big veins originating from the anterior right and left border of the sinus venosus.
Precavae
Large unpaired vein that is posterior from the sinus venosus.
Postcava
This portal vein can be found by deflecting the left lobe of the liver and lightly scratching the pancreas.
Hepatic Portal Vein
These portal veins are separately located laterally from each kidney.
Renal Portal Veins
This vein can be seen behind the heart on the left atrium or auricle. It also brings oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Pulmonary Veins
This structure can be found on the ventral side of the heart in a cone or bulb-shape. Found between the auricles
Conus arteriosus
Anteriorly, the Conus arteriosus is divided into left and right branches. What is it called?
Truncus arteriosus
What are the three (3) branches the truncus arteriosus divides into?
Common Carotid Artery
Systemic Arch
Pulmocutaneous Artery
The Greek word for urine.
Ouro
The Greek word for reproduction.
Genitales
The main, brownish elongated organs of the excretory system.
Kidneys
Soft mass of thin tissue ventral to the large intestine. It has two lobes and empties into the cloaca.
Urinary Bladder
The duct from each kidney that leads urine and REPRODUCTION JUICE into the cloaca.
Mesonephric Duct
Yellowing elongated structure found ventrally (on top of) each kidney.
Testes
Mesentery that supports the testes.
Mesorchium
The Mesonephric Duct is also called what when it transports spermatozoa?
Vas Deferens
Found anterior to the testes and ovaries. Yellowish-finger like little guys.
Corpora adiposa / fat bodies
Note: corpora adiposa and adipose tissue, they serve the same function.
Found on the ventral wall of the kidneys, lobulated and saccular organs. It is white and very much folded.
Ovaries
Mesentery that supports the ovaries.
Mesovarium
Beside the ovaries are the long white convoluted tubes that transport eggs from the ovary to the cloaca.
Oviducts
The main processing center that includes the brain and spinal cord.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Every part of the nervous system OTHER than the CNS.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
This division of the PNS sends information to the CNS.
Afferent (Sensory) Division
This division of the PNS sends information away from the CNS.
Efferent (Motor) Division
Where does the efferent division send brain signals to?
Skeletal Muscles (Somatic NS)
Visceral Organs (Autonomic NS)
What is the Autonomic Nervous System made up of?
Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic NS
What are the pathways where nerve impulses travel?
Bundled Axons called -
Nerves in the Peripheral NS
Tracts in the Central NS
The cell bodies where these axons extend from usually cluster to form?
Ganglia in the PNS
Nuclei in the CNS
Grayish membrane that coats the brain and spinal cord.
Meninges
Layer of the meninges that adheres to the walls of the cranium and neural canal.
Dura mater
Layer of the meninges that adheres closely to the brain and spinal cord.
Pia mater
Three (3) main divisions of the brain.
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
Most anterior lobe of the brain. The frog’s thinking center.
Cerebrum
Extends anteriorly from the cerebrum. It is responsible for processing smell-related signals.
Olfactory Bulb
Extends further up from the olfactory bulb. Directly detects the smell to send to the bulb.
Olfactory nerves (Cranial Nerve I)
A depressed region found posterior to the cerebrum—works in processing other senses.
Diencephalon
Club-shaped endocrine gland that projects from the roof of the diencephalon.
Pineal Gland (Cranial Nerve II)
Directly posterior to the diencephalon. This part represents the midbrain, which responds to visual inputs.
Optic Lobes
What are the parts of the hindbrain?
Cerebellum and Medulla Oblongata
Depressed ridge immediately posterior to the optic lobes. Functions in balance.
Cerebellum
Posterior to the cerebellum, seen as an inverted triangle. It regulates visceral functions.
The last six (6) pairs of cranial nerves emerge from here as well.
Medulla Oblongata
Posterior to the medulla oblongata. Functions in linking the brain to most parts of the body. As well as involuntary reflex actions.
Spinal cord
Pointed end of the spinal cord. It is also housed in the neural canal of the urostyle.
Filum Terminale
Fluid that fills out the hollow cavities of the brain and spinal cord.
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the cavity of the brain called?
Ventricles
What is the cavity of the spinal cord?
Central Canal
