[MOD 6] Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
Exoskeleton
Hardened bony structure than develops on the outer skin.
Endoskeleton
Internal skeleton that protects the organs, provides calcium, supports the body, and forms blood cells.
How are skeletal muscles and the skeleton connected?
Through connective tissue called tendons. Flat tendons are called aponeurosis.
Parts of the axial endoskeleton.
- Skull
- Visceral skeleton (jaws, hyoid apparatus [larynx, throat], ears)
- Vertebral column and Ribs
- Sternum
Parts of appendicular endoskeleton
- Bones of the limbs (anterior and posterior)
- Girdles (pectoral and pelvic)
Triangular bones behind the nares
Nasal Bones
Two long, slender, flat, fused bones that cover the brain
Frontoparietals
Large opening at the back of the skull where the spinal cord passes
Foramen Magnum
Bones that connect skull to the spine.
occipital condyles (connected via the exoccipital bone found at the back of the brain)
Bones of the upper jaw
- Premaxillae (most front, has teeth)
- Maxillae (curved side, has teeth)
- Quadratojugals (back, no teeth)
Hammer-shaped bones that connect the cranium to the back of the jaw and support the ear area.
Squamosals
Large openings beside the frontoparietals where the eyes are located.
Eye sockets/Orbits
Two winged-shaped bones just behind the premaxillae that holds the vomerine teeth.
Vomers
Slender, rod-like bones that extend from the side to the middle, just behind the vomers.
Palatines
Dagger-shaped bone that makes up the floor of the cranium, posterior to both the vomers and palatines.
Parasphenoid
How many vertebrae do frogs have?
Ten (10), they have an incomplete rib system.
First vertebra that connects to the occipital condyles. Also lacks transverse processes (can’t turn head)
Atlas
Several fused tail that continues beyond the vertebral column.
Urostyle
Functions of the Pectoral Girdle
Attached to the sternum/breastbone
Series of bones and cartilages that supports the forelimbs.
Functions of the Pelvic Girdle
Supports the hindlimbs
Separated into two halves called innominate bones.
Bone of the upper arm.
Humerus
The bone of the forearm.
Fusion of two bones.
Radioulna
Far end of the radioulna that serves as an attachment point for muscles.
Olecranon
Bones of the wrist
Carpals
Bones of the hand proper
Metacarpals
Bones of the fingers/digits
Phalanges
Bones of the thigh
Femur
Fused bones of the shank
Tibiofibula
Bones of the ankles
Tarsals
Bones of the Foot proper
Metatarsals
Bones of the toes
Also Phalanges
Large spaces between skin and muscles where the skin is not attached.
subcutaneous lymph sacs
Thin, broad, transverse, fibrous muscles on the underside of the jaw.
Mylohyoid
Middle connective tissue that splits the mylohyoid in half.
Median raphe
Thin, pocket-like muscle found on the surface of the chest
Cutaneous pectoralis
Thick, paired muscle in the chest area, near the midline. Partially covered by the mylohyoid
Sternoradialis
Fan-shaped muscles behind the sternoradialis and ventral to the cutaneous pectoralis.
Pectoralis
What are the three (3) parts of the pectoralis?
Anterior, middle, posterior
Long, vertical muscle on either side of the midline of the abdomen.
Rectus abdominis
Middle connective tissue dividing the rectus abdominis
Linea alba
Sheet-like muscle on the sides of the abdomen, lateral to the rectus abdominis. “Love handles”.
External Oblique
Flat strap-like muscle running obliquely along the thigh
Sartorius
A slender muscle that’s found by cutting into the sartorius.
Adductor longus
Thicc groin muscle seen as a triangle. Also the muscle immediately posterior to the adductor longus.
Adductor magnus
Posterior to the adductor magnus with oblique fibers.
Gracilis major
Large muscle behind the shank. Surrounded by white connective tissue (fascia).
Gastrocnemius
Long narrow muscle ahead of the gastrocnemius. It is attached to the surface of the tibiofibula.
Tibialis Posticus
The Most front muscles of the shank that can be seen dorsally. It also splits into two.
Tibialis anticus
Muscle along the sides of the middle-back and tapers posteriorly
Longissimus dorsi
Muscle lateral to the longissimus dorsi, between the external oblique, connected via the skeletogenous septum.
Iliolumbaris
V-shaped muscles between the ilia of the pelvic girdle
Coccygeo-iliacus
Largest, three-headed muscle covering the thigh
Triceps femoris
Small but thicc muscle between the triceps femoris
Gluteus
slender muscle posterior to the triceps femoris
Biceps femoris/Iliofibularis
Muscle found next to the biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Muscle of the shank immediately anterior to the gastrocnemius.
Peroneus
