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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Mod 6 > Flashcards

Mod 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information and issuing commands. Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Connects the CNS to the rest of the body. Includes all nerves outside of the CNS

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3
Q

Meninges

A

3 protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. dura, arachnoid, and pia mater.

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4
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost tough layer.
Flax cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and falx cerebelli.

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5
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

The middle web-like layer composed of arachnoid villi.

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6
Q

Pia Mater

A

Innermost delicate layer adhering to the brain and spinal cord.

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7
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body

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8
Q

Grey matter

A

Consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons. Involved in processing and regulating information

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9
Q

Dorsal root

A

Contains sensory neurons entering the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Formed by the merging of the dorsal and ventral roots. Carries both sensory and motor information

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11
Q

Ventral root

A

Contains motor neurons exiting the spinal cord. “MO.VE.”

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12
Q

White matter

A

Composed of myelinated axons responsible for transmitting information

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13
Q

Rami

A

Branches of the spinal nerve that distribute to different body regions.

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14
Q

Posterior Ramus

A

Targets the back.
Sensory: skin/skeletal muscles
Motor: skeletal muscles, glands, adipose

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15
Q

Anterior Ramus

A

Targets the front and sides.
Sensory: body wall, thoracic cavity, limbs
Motor: skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, glands of body wall/limbs

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16
Q

Sympathetic nerve

A

Targets the visceral organs

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17
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls voluntary actions such as moving skeletal muscles.

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18
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Controls involuntary actions affecting cardiac and smooth muscles and glands. Contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic

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19
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

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20
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Rest and digest

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21
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Logic, language, and analytical thinking. Controls the right side of the body. “Thinking and language center”

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22
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Creativity, imagination, and visual-spatial skills. Controls the left side of the body. “Intuitive thinking”

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, problem solving, and controlling behavior emotions.

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24
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Processes sensory information related to touch, temperature, pain, and spatial orientation.

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25
Temporal lobe
Involved in auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension.
26
Occipital lobe
Primary center for visual processing and interpretation.
27
Insular lobe
Plays a role in diverse functions including emotion, taste, visceral sensations, and autonomic control.
28
Ventricles
Communicating network of four cavities within the brain. Lightens the brain and provides space for the production and circulation of cerebral spinal fluid.
29
Choroid plexus
Capillary network in conjunction with ependymal cells found within the ventricles. Responsible for forming CSF.
30
Blood brain barrier
Selectively permeable barrier that protects the brain from potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream. Consist of capillary endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes.
31
Brainstem
Connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls vital functions. Consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
32
Midbrain
Involved in vision, hearing, and motor control.
33
Pons
Regulates breathing and relays messages between the cerebrum and cerebellum.
34
Medulla oblongata
Controls autonomic functions such as heart rate and blood pressure.
35
Cerebellum
Coordinates muscle movements and maintains posture and balance.
36
Cranial nerves
12 pairs that are pivotal for sensory and motor functions.
37
Cranial nerve I
Olfactory nerve: sense of smell
38
Cranial nerve II
Optic nerve: vision
39
Cranial nerve III
Oculomotor nerve: eye movement, pupil constriction
40
Cranial nerve IV
Trochlear nerve: eye movements
41
Cranial nerve V
Trigeminal nerve: facial sensation, chewing
42
Cranial nerve VI
Abducens nerve: eye movements
43
Cranial nerve VII
Facial nerve: facial expressions, taste
44
Cranial nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve: hearing, balance
45
Cranial nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal nerve: swallowing, taste
46
Cranial nerve X
Vagus nerve: autonomic functions of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract
47
Cranial nerve XI
Accessory nerve: shoulder and neck movements
48
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal nerve: tongue movements
49
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to mechanical pressure or distortion. Located in the skin, muscles, and tendons.
50
Baroreceptors
Specialized mechanoreceptors that detect pressure changes in the walls of blood vessels and organs. Located in blood vessels and organs.
51
Proprioceptors
Specialized mechanoreceptors that detect positions of joints and skeletal muscles. Located in muscles, tendons, and joints.
52
Thermoreceptors
Respond to changes in temperature. Located in the skin and hypothalamus.
53
Nociceptors
Detective pain or harmful stimuli. Located in the skin, viscera, and joints.
54
Photoreceptors
Respond to light. Located in the retina.
55
Chemoreceptors
Respond the chemical stimuli. Located in the carotid body and taste buds.
56
Olfactory receptors
Located in the nasal epithelium, detects odor molecules
57
Olfactory bulb
Processes information from olfactory receptors
58
Olfactory tract
Transmits signal from the olfactory bulb to the factory cortex in the brain.
59
Taste buds
Sensory structures formed by gustatory cells, supporting epithelial cells, and basal stem cells. Can contain 40-100 gustatory receptor cells
60
Gustatory cells
Have microvilli that contain chemoreceptors and extend through taste pores. Found on the tongue, pharynx, and larynx. Only live for about 10 days
61
Lingual papillae
Epithelial projections that house taste buds.
62
Foliate
Fold found on the lateral edges at the back of the tongue.
63
Vallate papillae
Forms a V in the back of the tongue. 12 papillae containing up to 100 taste buds.
64
Fungiform papillae
Found on the tip and sides of the tongue. 5 taste buds each.
65
Filiform papillae
Found on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Provides friction but no taste buds.
66
Olfactory pathway
Transmission of smell information from the nasal cavity to the brain.

Human Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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