Mod 5

Question 1

Skeletal muscle

Answer 1

Long, cylindrical fibers with multiple nuclei and striations. Voluntary movement of the body, posture, and heat production. Attached to bones

Question 2

Cardiac muscle

Answer 2

Branched fibers with a single nucleus, striations, and intercalated discs. Involuntary contraction to pump blood through the heart. Walls of the heart

Question 3

Smooth muscle

Answer 3

Spindle shaped fibers with a single nucleus, no striations. Involuntary movements such as peristalsis in the digestive tract. Walls of hollow organs (i.e. intestines and blood vessels)

Question 4

Muscle fibers

Answer 4

Muscles cells. Thousands of fibers make up a muscle

Question 5

Sarcoplasm

Answer 5

Muscle cell cytoplasm

Question 6

Sarcolemma

Answer 6

Muscle cell membrane

Question 7

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

Answer 7

Extensions of the sarcolemma that run deep into the muscle cell so action potentials can effectively depolarize a muscle cell quickly and completely

Question 8

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Answer 8

Modified form of endoplasmic reticulum that acts as a reservoir for calcium ions to be released into the sarcoplasm to stimulate muscle contraction

Question 9

Terminal cisternae

Answer 9

The ends of the SR fuse and form expanded chambers

Question 10

Triad

Answer 10

A pair of terminal cisternae and a T tubule

Question 11

Actin

Answer 11

Thin protein filament. Contains myosin binding sites to allow contraction and troponin and tropomyosin which are inhibitory proteins that prevent actin from interacting with myosin (relaxed muscle)

Question 12

Myosin

Answer 12

Thick protein filaments. Contains a myosin head that interacts with the thin filament (actin), forming a cross bridge.

Question 13

Titin

Answer 13

Elastic protein strands that anchor myosin to the Z line and prevents muscles from stretching too far

Question 14

Myofibrils

Answer 14

Cylindrical structures within a muscle fiber and contain the proteins responsible for contraction.

Question 15

Sarcomeres

Answer 15

Functional unit of muscle. (M line in the middle of the sarcomere)

Question 16

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 16

Sure when a motor neuron communicates with a skeletal muscle fiber

Question 17

Motor neuron

Answer 17

Transmits the nerve impulse

Question 18

Synaptic cleft (synapse)

Answer 18

The gap between the motor neuron and muscle fiber

Question 19

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 19

Neurotransmitter released by the motor neuron

Question 20

Motor end plate

Answer 20

The region of the muscle fiber membrane that receives ACh

Question 21

ATP

Answer 21

The primary energy source, directly used for muscle contraction.

Question 22

Creatine phosphate

Answer 22

A quick source of ATP by donating a phosphate group to ADP (10 seconds of energy)

Question 23

Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis)

Answer 23

Breaks down a glucose molecule into 2 private and 2 ATP. Occurs in the cytoplasm without oxygen.

Question 24

Aerobic metabolism

Answer 24

Produces lots of ATP (36-38). Occurs in the mitochondria and uses oxygen

Question 25

Cell body (soma)

Answer 25

Contains the nucleus and organelles

Question 26

Dendrites

Answer 26

Receive signals from other neurons

Question 27

Myelin sheath

Answer 27

Insulates the axon, speeding up signal transmission

Question 28

Axon

Answer 28

Transmits signals away from the cell body

Question 29

Axon terminals

Answer 29

Release neurotransmitters to communicate with other cells

Question 30

Multipolar neurons

Answer 30

Have one axon and multiple dendrites (most common; motor neuron)

Question 31

Bipolar neurons

Answer 31

Have one axon and one dendrite (sensory organs; the retina)

Question 32

Unipolar neurons

Answer 32

Single process that branched into two (sensory neurons)

Question 33

Anaxonic neurons

Answer 33

Have more than two processes, all dendrites. (Found in the brain and special sense organs)

Question 34

Astrocytes

Answer 34

Maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support. CNS.

Question 35

Microglia

Answer 35

Acts as phagocytes, cleaning up debris and pathogens. CNS.

Question 36

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 36

Form the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. CNS.

Question 37

Schwann cells

Answer 37

Form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system. PNS.

Question 38

Ependymal cells

Answer 38

Line the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord, involved in producing cerebral spinal fluid. CNS.

Question 39

Satellite cells

Answer 39

Surround neurons and regulate the outside environment. PNS.

Question 40

Presynaptic neuron

Answer 40

Receives the signal

Question 41

Synaptic vesicles

Answer 41

Contain neurotransmitters

Question 42

Synaptic cleft (gap)

Answer 42

Gap between neurons

Question 43

Neurotransmitter receptors

Answer 43

Bind neurotransmitters to initiate a response

Question 44

Postsynaptic neuron

Answer 44

Transmits the signal

Question 45

Synapse

Answer 45

The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell, where signal transmission occurs

Question 46

Neurotransmitters

Answer 46

Chemical messengers that transmit signals across a synapse

Question 47

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Answer 47

Most common of all neurotransmitters. Released at all neuromuscular junctions and synapses throughout the CNS and PNS.