Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Terms > MOD 4 Urology > Flashcards

MOD 4 Urology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Urinary system

A

begins with the kidneys. Located in the retroperitoneal space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

retroperitoneal space

A

a small area behind the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

retro- behind; backward
peritone/o- peritoneum
-al…pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

alternate names

A

urinary tract, GU (genitourinary system), urogenital system, excretory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

genitourinary and urogenital

A

two systems in close proximity and with shared structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

flank

A

under the lower edge of the rib cage in the flank area of the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hilum

A

an area of indentation on the medial surface of the kidney

(HY-lum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hilar

A

(HY-lar)

hil/o– hilum (indentation in an organ)
-ar…pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

renal artery

A

enters the hilum. renal vein and ureter exit there.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

renal cortex

A

layer of tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

renal medulla

A

contains triangular-shaped renal pyramids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Minor calix

A

each tip of the renal pyramids connect to the minor calix, an area that drains urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

major calix

A

minor calices drain into a common area call the major calix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

renal pelvis

A

major calices drain into the renal pelvils, a large funnel-shaped cavity that narrows to become the ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ureter

A

12inch tube that connects renal pelvis to the kidney to the bladder.

yoo-REE-ter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ureteral orifices

A

the openings into the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

peristalsis

A

propel urine into the bladder is the processs called ‘peristalsis’

peri- around
-stalsis… process of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

fundus

A

dome of the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

mucosa

A

bladder is lined with mucosa, a mucous membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

rugae

A

when bladder is empty, mucosa collapses into folds called rugae.

ROO-gee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sphincter

A

muscular ring that opens so that urine can flow into the urethra. opening/closing is involuntary and CANNOY be controlled consciously.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vesical

A

adjective form of “bladder”

vesic/o– bladder
-al– pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

urethra

A

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

muscular ring that CAN be consciously controlled to release or hold back urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

urethral meatus

A

where the urethra opens to the outside of the body. (exit point of genital)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Urethra in men

A

7-8 inches long. in men, it’s both part of urinary and reproductive system because it transports urine AND semen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

prostate gland

A

spherical gland at the base of the bladder. aka “prostatic urethra”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Urethra in women

A

only 1-2 inches from bladder to external body. Urethral meatus is located anterior to the extrernal opening of the vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

parenchyma

A

pah-RENG-kih-mah

functoinal or working area of any organ (as opposed to the organ’s structural framework). The parenchyma of the kidney is made up of the cortex and the medulla because these areas contain the nephrons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

nephron

A

microscopic structure, is the functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine production

nephr/o- kidney; nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

glomerular capsule

A

gloh-MAIR-yoo-lar

foermerly known as “Bowman’s capsule.” First part of the nephron.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

glomerulus

A

a network in the glomerular that contains intertwining capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

waste products

A
  1. urea, (protein metabolism)
  2. creatinine, (from muscle contractions)
  3. uric acid, (from purine metabolism to construct DNA/RNA)
  4. drugs and products of drug metabolism.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

electrolytes

A

chemicals that have a positive or negative charge and incolude sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

electr/o- electricity
-lyte… dissolved substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

filtration

A

pressre of the blood pushes the waste products as well as water and nutritional substances thru the capillary pores and out into the ball-shaped collecting area of the glomerular capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

micturition

A

mik-choo-RISH-un

micturi/o– make urine
-tion… a process

means “to urinate”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

renin

A

ren/o- kidney
-in… a substance

renin is an enzyme that creates a vasoconstrictor that causes blood vessels to constrict.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

glomerulonephritis

glomerul/o- glomerulus
nephr/o- kidney
-itis– inflamattion of; infection of

kidneys becomes inflamed and urine production decreases. infection usually by strep throat.

(gloh-mair-yoo-loh-neh-FRY-tis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

hydronephrosis

A

hy-droh-neh-FROH-sis

hydro–water
nephro/o– kidney
-osis– abnormal condition; process

enlargement of the kidney. Due to the pressure from urine that is backed up in the ureter because of an obstructing stone or stricture.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

caliectasis

A

caliectasis

cali/o- calix
-ectasis… condition of dilation

the calices of the kidney are enlarged.

(kay-lee-EK-tah-sis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

nef-roh-lih-THY-ah-sis

nephro/o– kidney; nephron
lith/o– stone
-iasis– state of

calcus (kidney stone) formation in the urinary system. they are copmosed of magnesium, calcium, or uric acid crystals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

renal colic

A

spasm of the smooth muscle of the ureter or bladdar as the kidney stone’s jagged edges scrape the mucosa.

col/o– colon
-ic– pretaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

nephropathy

A

general word for any disease of the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

nephroptosis

A

abnormally low position of a kidney. sometimes requires surgery, but more often is mentioned as an incidental finding on an xray.

nephr/o- kidney
-ptosis… state of prolapse; drooping; falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

damage to the pores of the capillaries of the glomerulus. this allows large amounts of protein to leak into the urine, decreasing the amount of protein in the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

calcul/o-

A

stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

calculogenesis or lithogenesis

A

process of forming stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

glomerulosclerosis

A

gloh-mair-yoo-loh-skleh-ROH-sis

glomerul/o- glomerulus
scler/o- hard; sclera
-osis– condition; abnormal

hardening of the tiny arteries in the glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A

congenital disease characterized by systs in the kidney that eventually destroy the nephrons.

poly– many
cyst/o– bladder; fluid-filled sac;
-ic– pertaining to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

congenital

A

congenit/o– present at birth
-al– pertaining to

Someone with a congenital disease has it since birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

pyelonephritis

A

py-eh-loh-neh-FRY-tis

pyel/o– renal pelvis
nephr/o– kidney; nephron
-itis– inflamation

inflammation and infection of the pelves of the kidneys. Caused by a bacterial infection of the bladder that goes up the ureters to the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Wilms’ tumor

A

cancer of the kidney that occurs in children and arises from fetal tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

nephroblastoma

A

nephro/o– kidney; nephron
blast/o– immature; embryonic
-oma– tumor; mass

Sam as Wilms’ tumor.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

renal failure

A

Disease in which the kidneys decrease their urine production, and then stop producing urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

ARF

A

Acute Renal Failure

A renal failure where kidneys stop producing urine. It occurs suddenly and is due to trauma, severed blood loss, or overwhelming infection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Acute Tubular Necrosis

A

Necr/o- dead cells, tissue, or body
-osis– condition; abnormal condition

the sudden destruction of large numbers of nephrons and their tubules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

CRF

A

Chronic Renal Failure

begins with renal insufficiency, followed by gradual woresning with progressive damage to kidneys from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

ESRD

A

End-Stage Renal Disease

The final, irreversible stage of chronic renal failure in which there is little or no remaining kidney function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Uremia

A

Ur/o– urine; urinay system
-emia– condition of the BLOOD

Excessive amounts of waste product urea in the blood because of renal failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

TURBT

A

Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Tumor

Treatment for bladder cancer.

60
Q

intravesical

A

intra– within
vesic/o– bladder
-al– pertaining to

61
Q

cystitis

A

cyst/o– bladder; fluid-filled sac;
-itis– inflammation of; infection of

inflammation or infection of the bladder.

62
Q

interstitial cystitis

A

interstiti/o– spaces within tissue
-al– pertaining to

A chronic progressive infection in which the bladder mucosa becomes extremely irritated and red, with bleeding.

63
Q

radiation cystitis

A

caused by irritating effects of radiation therapy given to treat bladder cancer

64
Q

cystocele

A

cyst/o– bladder; fluid-filled sac
-cele– hernia

Hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum.

65
Q

vesicocele

A

VES-ih-koh-seel

vesic/o– bladder; fuild-filled sac
-cele– hernia

Same as “cystocele”

66
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

neur/o- nerve
geni/o– arising from
-ic– pertaining to

Urinary retention due to lack of innervation of the nerves of the bladder. Due to spinal cord injury of some sort.

67
Q

overactive bladder

A

urinary urgency and frequency due to involuntary contractions of the bladder wall.

68
Q

Urinary retention

A

retent/o– keep; hold back
-ion– action; condition

inability to empty the bladder because of an obstruction, nerve damage, or side effect of a drug.

69
Q

postvoid residual

A

post– after
void–urinate

Still having urine in the bladder after urinating.

70
Q

vesicovaginal fistula

A

vesic/o– bladder
vagin/o– vagina
-al– pertaining to

Fistual= Abnormal passageway or connection

Formation of an abnormal passageway connecting the blader to the vagina. Urine flows from the bladder into the vagina and leaks continually to the outside of the body.

71
Q

epispadias

A

eph-ih-SPAY-dee-as

epi– upon; above
spad/o– tear;opening
-ias– condition

Congenital condition in which the female urethral meatus is in an abnormal location near the clitoris, or the male urethral meatus is in an abnormal location of the upper surface of the shaft of the penis than at the tip.

72
Q

hypospadias

A

hypo– below; deficient
spad/o– tear; opening
-ias– condition

Malee urethral meatus is on the underside of the shaft of the penis

73
Q

urethritis

A

urethr/o– urethra
-itis– inflammation of

inflammation or infection of the urethra.

74
Q

albuminuria

A

al-byoo-mih-NYOO-ree-ah

albumin/o– albumin
ur/o– urine; urinary system
-ia– condition; state; thing

Presence of albumin in the urine. Albumin is the major protein in blood.Normally, there is no protein in the urine. Albuminuria is an important first sign of kidney disease.

75
Q

Proteinuria

A

proh-tee-NYOO-ree-ah

protein/o– protein
ur/o– urine
-ia– condition; state; thing

Same as albuminuria.

76
Q

anuria

A

an-YOO-ree-ah

an– without; not
ur/o– urine
-ia– condition; state

Absence of urine production by the kidneys because of acute or chronic renal failure

77
Q

bacteriuria

A

bak-teer-ee-YOO-ree-ah

Prsence of bactiera in the urine. Normally, urine is sterile. Bacteria indicate a urinary tract infection.

78
Q

dysuria

A

dys- painful; difficult; abnormal
ur/o– urine;
-ia– condition

difficult/painful urination

79
Q

enuresis

A

involuntary urination at night.

enur/o– to urinate
-esis– a process

80
Q

frequency

A

urinating often, usually in small amounts. Due to kidney stone, enlargement of prostate gland, urinary tract infection, or overactive bladder.

81
Q

glycosuria

A

glycos/o– glucose (sugar)
ur/o– urine
-ia– condition

Glucose in the urine. Indication of an elevated blood sugar level as seen in diabetes mellitus.

82
Q

hematuria

A

Blood in the urine

hemat/o– blood
ur/o– urine
-ia– condiiton; state

83
Q

hesitancy

A

inability to initiate a normal stream of urine. There is dribbling and the urinary stream has a decreased caliber. The volume of urine passed is less, and residual urine may remain int he bladder.

84
Q

hypokalemia

A

hypo– below
kal/i– potassium
-emia– condition of the blood

A decreased amount of potassium in the blood. Usually due to drugs that cuase the kidneys to excrete excessive amounts of urine and potassium.

85
Q

incontinence

A

in– in; within; not
contin/o– hold together
-ence– state of

inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder. May be due to spinal cord injury, surgery on the prostate gland, unconsciousness, or mental condition.

86
Q

ketonuria

A

keton/o– ketones

ketone bodies in the urine. Ketones are waste prodcutes produced when fat is metabolized.

87
Q

nocturia

A

noct/o– night

increased frequency and urgency of urination during the night. Nocturia is expressed as the number of times the patient voids each night (e.g. nocturia x3).

88
Q

Oliguria

A

olig/o– scanty; few

decreased production of urine due to kidney failure. dehydration can cause temporary oliguria.

89
Q

polyuria

A

excessive production of urine due to diabetes

90
Q

pyuria

A

py/o– pus

White blood cells in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection. Severe pyuria can cause urine to be cloudy or milky, or the number of white blood cells may be so few that they can be detected only by microscopic exams.

91
Q

urgency

A

strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly.

92
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection

general category of an infection anywhere in the urinary tract.

93
Q

BUN

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

measures the amount of urea. Used to monitor kidney function or kidney disease.

94
Q

Creatinine

A

measures the amount of creatine. Used to monitor kidney function and progression of disease. used with BUN to give a comprehensive picture of kidney function.

95
Q

C&S

A

Culture and Sensitivity

puts urine onto culture medium in a Petri dish to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection.

96
Q

leukocyte esterase

A

detects esterase, an enzyme associated with leukocytes and a urinary tract infection.

97
Q

24hr creatinine clearance

A

collects all urine for 24hrs to measure the total amount of creatinine “cleared” (excreted) by the kidneys.

98
Q

UA

A

Urinalysis

Describes the characteristics of the urine and detects substances in it. Uses a dipstick test.

99
Q

What is not found in urine?

A

protein (or albumin) is NOT normally found in urine. Glucose is also NOT found in urine.

Ketones are also NOT found in urine. They are produced whtn the body cannot use glucose and instead metabolizes fat.

100
Q

SG

A

Specific Gravity

Measurement of the concentration of the urine as compared to that of water.

101
Q

Device used to measure specific gravity?

A

Urinometer or refractometer.

102
Q

Sediment

A

There are several types of sediment in the urine. Crystals of calcium, uric acid, etc… can become kidney stones. Epithelial clls are NORMAL in urine sediment because they are shed continuoulsy from the lining of the urinary tract.

103
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous Pyelography

Procedure that uses xrays and radiopaque contrast dye. The dye is injected intravenously and flows through the body and into the kidneys. It outlines the renal pelves, ureters, bladder, and urethra. AKA excretory urography.

104
Q

Pyelogram or Urogram

A

x-ray image from IVP

105
Q

retrograde pyelogrpahy

A

a cystoscopy is performed and a catherter is advanced into the ureter and dye is injected. The dye outlines the ureter, as well as the pelvis and calices of the kidney.

106
Q

KUB

A

Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder xray.

Procedure that uses an xray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder done WITHOUT contrast dye. Used to find kidney stones b4 performing pyelography.

107
Q

pyelography

A

pyel/o– renal pelvis
-graphy– process of recording

108
Q

nephrotomography

A

Nephro/– kidney
tom/o– cut; slice; layer
-graphy– process of recording

procedure that uses a Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan and radiopaque contrast dye injected. takes xray images as multiple “sclies” through the kidneys. Can be examined layer by layer to show exact location of tumors.

109
Q

renal angiography

A

angi/o– blood vessel; lymphatic vessel
-graphy– proces of recording

uses xrays and contrast dye. It outlines the renal artery and shows any obstruction or blocakge. AKA renal arteriography

110
Q

Renal scan

A

Procedure that uses radioactive isotope injected. it is taken up by the kidney and emits radioactive particles that are capture by a scanner and made into an image

111
Q

cystometry

A

procudure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder.

cyst/o– bladder

112
Q

CMG

A

csytometrogram

the cystometer makes a graphic recording known as CMG

113
Q

VCUG

A

Voiding Cystourethrography

sis-toh-yoo-ree-THRAWG-rah-fee

cyst/o– bladder; fluid-filled sac
urethr/o– urethra
-graphy– process of recording

Uses xrays and contrast dye. The dye outlines the bladder and urethra. The xray image is taken while the patient is urinating.

114
Q

catheterization

A

a catheter (flexible tube) is inserted thru the urethra and into the bladder to drain the urine.

115
Q

catheter

A

flexible tube

116
Q

Foley Catheter

A

indwelling tube that drains urine continuously

117
Q

Suprapubic catheter

A

Inserted through the abdominal wall just above pubic bone and into bladder

118
Q

dialysis

A

Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient in renal failure.

dia– complete; copmletely through
-lysis– process of breaking down/ losing (Greek “luo”)

119
Q

hemodialysis

A

uses a fistula or a shunt in the patient’s arm.

hem/o– blood

120
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

Uses a PERMANENT catheter inserted through the abdominal wall.

121
Q

dialysate fluid

A

-ate– “composed of; pertaining to”

flows thru the catheter and remains in the abdominal cavity for several hours. The fluid pulls wastes from the blood.

122
Q

CAPD

A

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

the patient is able to walk around between 3-4 episodes of dialysis.

123
Q

CCPD

A

Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis

a machine inserts and removes fluid several times a night while the patient sleeps.

124
Q

I&O

A

Intake and Output

procedure that documents total amount of fluid intake and output. used to monitor the body’s fluid balance in patients with renal failure, burns, heart failure, etc…

125
Q

bladder neck suspension

A

procedure to correct stress incontinence. a sling of muscle tissue or synthetic material is inserted around the base of the bladder and urethra to elevate them to normal position

126
Q

cystectomy

A

cyst/o– bladder; fluid
-ectomy– surgical excision

procedure to remove the bladder because of bladder cancer.

127
Q

radical cystectomy

A

removes bladder, surrounding tissues, and lymph nodes

radic/o– all parts including the root
-al– pertaining to

128
Q

kidney transplantation

A

Procedure to remove a severely damaged kidney from a patient with kidney failure.

129
Q

lithotripsy

A

lith/o– stone
-tripsy– process of crushing

Uses sound waves to break up kidney stone

130
Q

ESWL

A

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy

extra– outside of
corpor/o– body (such as corporate prayer)
-eal– pertaining to

131
Q

nephrectomy

A

nephr/o– kidney
-ectomy– surgical excision

surical procedure to remove a diseased or cancerous kidney

132
Q

nephrolithotomy

A

nephr/o– kidney
lith/o– stone
-tomy– process of cutting or making an incision

procedure in which a small incision is made in the skin and an endoscop is inserted into the kidney to remove a stone

133
Q

nephropexy

A

nephr/o– kidney
-pexy– process of surgically fixing in place

procedure to correct a kidney that is too low

134
Q

renal biopsy

A

procedure in which a small piece of kidney is excised for microscopic analysis.

135
Q

stone basketing

A

procedure in which a cystoscop is inserted into the bladder. a stone basket is then passed thru the scop to snare a kidney stone and remove it

136
Q

TURBT

A

Transurethral Resection of a Bladder Tumor

procedure to remove a bladder tumor from inside the bladder

137
Q

resectoscope

A

Inserted thru the urethra into the bladder that resects the bladder tumor

resect/o– to cut out; remove

138
Q

urethroplasty

A

procedure that involves plastic surgery to reposition the urethra.

-plasty– process of reshaping by surgery

139
Q

cath

A

catheterize or catheterization (slang)

140
Q

cc

A

cubic centimeter (measuring volume)

141
Q

epi

A

epithelial cell in the urine specimen

142
Q

GU

A

genitourinary gonococcal urethritis

143
Q

hpf

A

high-power field

144
Q

K, K+

A

potassium

145
Q

TNTC

A

too numerous to count

146
Q

VMA

A

vanillylmandelic acid

Medical Terms (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions