MOD 4 Urology Flashcards
1
Q
Urinary system
A
begins with the kidneys. Located in the retroperitoneal space.
2
Q
retroperitoneal space
A
a small area behind the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
retro- behind; backward
peritone/o- peritoneum
-al…pertaining to
3
Q
alternate names
A
urinary tract, GU (genitourinary system), urogenital system, excretory system.
4
Q
genitourinary and urogenital
A
two systems in close proximity and with shared structures.
5
Q
flank
A
under the lower edge of the rib cage in the flank area of the back
6
Q
hilum
A
an area of indentation on the medial surface of the kidney
(HY-lum)
7
Q
hilar
A
(HY-lar)
hil/o– hilum (indentation in an organ)
-ar…pertaining to
8
Q
renal artery
A
enters the hilum. renal vein and ureter exit there.
9
Q
renal cortex
A
layer of tissue
10
Q
renal medulla
A
contains triangular-shaped renal pyramids
11
Q
Minor calix
A
each tip of the renal pyramids connect to the minor calix, an area that drains urine.
12
Q
major calix
A
minor calices drain into a common area call the major calix
13
Q
renal pelvis
A
major calices drain into the renal pelvils, a large funnel-shaped cavity that narrows to become the ureter
14
Q
ureter
A
12inch tube that connects renal pelvis to the kidney to the bladder.
yoo-REE-ter
15
Q
ureteral orifices
A
the openings into the bladder
16
Q
peristalsis
A
propel urine into the bladder is the processs called ‘peristalsis’
peri- around
-stalsis… process of contraction
17
Q
fundus
A
dome of the bladder
18
Q
mucosa
A
bladder is lined with mucosa, a mucous membrane.
19
Q
rugae
A
when bladder is empty, mucosa collapses into folds called rugae.
ROO-gee
20
Q
sphincter
A
muscular ring that opens so that urine can flow into the urethra. opening/closing is involuntary and CANNOY be controlled consciously.
21
Q
vesical
A
adjective form of “bladder”
vesic/o– bladder
-al– pertaining to
22
Q
urethra
A
tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
23
Q
external urethral sphincter
A
muscular ring that CAN be consciously controlled to release or hold back urine.
24
Q
urethral meatus
A
where the urethra opens to the outside of the body. (exit point of genital)
25
Urethra in men
7-8 inches long. in men, it's both part of urinary and reproductive system because it transports urine AND semen.
26
prostate gland
spherical gland at the base of the bladder. aka "prostatic urethra"
27
Urethra in women
only 1-2 inches from bladder to external body. Urethral meatus is located anterior to the extrernal opening of the vagina
28
parenchyma
pah-RENG-kih-mah
functoinal or working area of any organ (as opposed to the organ's structural framework). The parenchyma of the kidney is made up of the cortex and the medulla because these areas contain the nephrons.
29
nephron
microscopic structure, is the functional unit of the kidney and the site of urine production
nephr/o- kidney; nephron
30
glomerular capsule
gloh-MAIR-yoo-lar
foermerly known as "Bowman's capsule." First part of the nephron.
31
glomerulus
a network in the glomerular that contains intertwining capillaries.
32
waste products
1. urea, (protein metabolism)
2. creatinine, (from muscle contractions)
3. uric acid, (from purine metabolism to construct DNA/RNA)
4. drugs and products of drug metabolism.
33
electrolytes
chemicals that have a positive or negative charge and incolude sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
electr/o- electricity
-lyte... dissolved substance
34
filtration
pressre of the blood pushes the waste products as well as water and nutritional substances thru the capillary pores and out into the ball-shaped collecting area of the glomerular capsule.
35
micturition
mik-choo-RISH-un
micturi/o-- make urine
-tion... a process
means "to urinate"
36
renin
ren/o- kidney
-in... a substance
renin is an enzyme that creates a vasoconstrictor that causes blood vessels to constrict.
37
glomerulonephritis
glomerulonephritis
glomerul/o- glomerulus
nephr/o- kidney
-itis-- inflamattion of; infection of
kidneys becomes inflamed and urine production decreases. infection usually by strep throat.
| (gloh-mair-yoo-loh-neh-FRY-tis)
38
hydronephrosis
hy-droh-neh-FROH-sis
hydro--water
nephro/o-- kidney
-osis-- abnormal condition; process
enlargement of the kidney. Due to the pressure from urine that is backed up in the ureter because of an obstructing stone or stricture.
39
caliectasis
caliectasis
cali/o- calix
-ectasis... condition of dilation
the calices of the kidney are enlarged.
| (kay-lee-EK-tah-sis)
40
nephrolithiasis
nef-roh-lih-THY-ah-sis
nephro/o-- kidney; nephron
lith/o-- stone
-iasis-- state of
calcus (kidney stone) formation in the urinary system. they are copmosed of magnesium, calcium, or uric acid crystals.
41
renal colic
spasm of the smooth muscle of the ureter or bladdar as the kidney stone's jagged edges scrape the mucosa.
col/o-- colon
-ic-- pretaining to
42
nephropathy
general word for any disease of the kidney.
43
nephroptosis
abnormally low position of a kidney. sometimes requires surgery, but more often is mentioned as an incidental finding on an xray.
nephr/o- kidney
-ptosis... state of prolapse; drooping; falling
44
nephrotic syndrome
damage to the pores of the capillaries of the glomerulus. this allows large amounts of protein to leak into the urine, decreasing the amount of protein in the blood.
45
calcul/o-
stone
46
calculogenesis or lithogenesis
process of forming stones
47
glomerulosclerosis
gloh-mair-yoo-loh-skleh-ROH-sis
glomerul/o- glomerulus
scler/o- hard; sclera
-osis-- condition; abnormal
hardening of the tiny arteries in the glomerulus
48
polycystic kidney disease
congenital disease characterized by systs in the kidney that eventually destroy the nephrons.
poly-- many
cyst/o-- bladder; fluid-filled sac;
-ic-- pertaining to
49
congenital
congenit/o-- present at birth
-al-- pertaining to
Someone with a congenital disease has it since birth
50
pyelonephritis
py-eh-loh-neh-FRY-tis
pyel/o-- renal pelvis
nephr/o-- kidney; nephron
-itis-- inflamation
inflammation and infection of the pelves of the kidneys. Caused by a bacterial infection of the bladder that goes up the ureters to the kidneys
51
Wilms' tumor
cancer of the kidney that occurs in children and arises from fetal tissue.
52
nephroblastoma
nephro/o-- kidney; nephron
blast/o-- immature; embryonic
-oma-- tumor; mass
Sam as Wilms' tumor.
53
renal failure
Disease in which the kidneys decrease their urine production, and then stop producing urine.
54
ARF
Acute Renal Failure
A renal failure where kidneys stop producing urine. It occurs suddenly and is due to trauma, severed blood loss, or overwhelming infection.
55
Acute Tubular Necrosis
Necr/o- dead cells, tissue, or body
-osis-- condition; abnormal condition
the sudden destruction of large numbers of nephrons and their tubules.
56
CRF
Chronic Renal Failure
begins with renal insufficiency, followed by gradual woresning with progressive damage to kidneys from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis.
57
ESRD
End-Stage Renal Disease
The final, irreversible stage of chronic renal failure in which there is little or no remaining kidney function.
58
Uremia
Ur/o-- urine; urinay system
-emia-- condition of the BLOOD
Excessive amounts of waste product urea in the blood because of renal failure.
59
TURBT
Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Tumor
Treatment for bladder cancer.
60
intravesical
intra-- within
vesic/o-- bladder
-al-- pertaining to
61
cystitis
cyst/o-- bladder; fluid-filled sac;
-itis-- inflammation of; infection of
inflammation or infection of the bladder.
62
interstitial cystitis
interstiti/o-- spaces within tissue
-al-- pertaining to
A chronic progressive infection in which the bladder mucosa becomes extremely irritated and red, with bleeding.
63
radiation cystitis
caused by irritating effects of radiation therapy given to treat bladder cancer
64
cystocele
cyst/o-- bladder; fluid-filled sac
-cele-- hernia
Hernia in which the bladder bulges through a weakness in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum.
65
vesicocele
VES-ih-koh-seel
vesic/o-- bladder; fuild-filled sac
-cele-- hernia
Same as "cystocele"
66
neurogenic bladder
neur/o- nerve
geni/o-- arising from
-ic-- pertaining to
Urinary retention due to lack of innervation of the nerves of the bladder. Due to spinal cord injury of some sort.
67
overactive bladder
urinary urgency and frequency due to involuntary contractions of the bladder wall.
68
Urinary retention
retent/o-- keep; hold back
-ion-- action; condition
inability to empty the bladder because of an obstruction, nerve damage, or side effect of a drug.
69
postvoid residual
post-- after
void--urinate
Still having urine in the bladder after urinating.
70
vesicovaginal fistula
vesic/o-- bladder
vagin/o-- vagina
-al-- pertaining to
Fistual= Abnormal passageway or connection
Formation of an abnormal passageway connecting the blader to the vagina. Urine flows from the bladder into the vagina and leaks continually to the outside of the body.
71
epispadias
eph-ih-SPAY-dee-as
epi-- upon; above
spad/o-- tear;opening
-ias-- condition
Congenital condition in which the female urethral meatus is in an abnormal location near the clitoris, or the male urethral meatus is in an abnormal location of the upper surface of the shaft of the penis than at the tip.
72
hypospadias
hypo-- below; deficient
spad/o-- tear; opening
-ias-- condition
Malee urethral meatus is on the underside of the shaft of the penis
73
urethritis
urethr/o-- urethra
-itis-- inflammation of
inflammation or infection of the urethra.
74
albuminuria
al-byoo-mih-NYOO-ree-ah
albumin/o-- albumin
ur/o-- urine; urinary system
-ia-- condition; state; thing
Presence of albumin in the urine. Albumin is the major protein in blood.Normally, there is no protein in the urine. Albuminuria is an important first sign of kidney disease.
75
Proteinuria
proh-tee-NYOO-ree-ah
protein/o-- protein
ur/o-- urine
-ia-- condition; state; thing
Same as albuminuria.
76
anuria
an-YOO-ree-ah
an-- without; not
ur/o-- urine
-ia-- condition; state
Absence of urine production by the kidneys because of acute or chronic renal failure
77
bacteriuria
bak-teer-ee-YOO-ree-ah
Prsence of bactiera in the urine. Normally, urine is sterile. Bacteria indicate a urinary tract infection.
78
dysuria
dys- painful; difficult; abnormal
ur/o-- urine;
-ia-- condition
difficult/painful urination
79
enuresis
involuntary urination at night.
enur/o-- to urinate
-esis-- a process
80
frequency
urinating often, usually in small amounts. Due to kidney stone, enlargement of prostate gland, urinary tract infection, or overactive bladder.
81
glycosuria
glycos/o-- glucose (sugar)
ur/o-- urine
-ia-- condition
Glucose in the urine. Indication of an elevated blood sugar level as seen in diabetes mellitus.
82
hematuria
Blood in the urine
hemat/o-- blood
ur/o-- urine
-ia-- condiiton; state
83
hesitancy
inability to initiate a normal stream of urine. There is dribbling and the urinary stream has a decreased caliber. The volume of urine passed is less, and residual urine may remain int he bladder.
84
hypokalemia
hypo-- below
kal/i-- potassium
-emia-- condition of the blood
A decreased amount of potassium in the blood. Usually due to drugs that cuase the kidneys to excrete excessive amounts of urine and potassium.
85
incontinence
in-- in; within; not
contin/o-- hold together
-ence-- state of
inability to voluntarily keep urine in the bladder. May be due to spinal cord injury, surgery on the prostate gland, unconsciousness, or mental condition.
86
ketonuria
keton/o-- ketones
ketone bodies in the urine. Ketones are waste prodcutes produced when fat is metabolized.
87
nocturia
noct/o-- night
increased frequency and urgency of urination during the night. Nocturia is expressed as the number of times the patient voids each night (e.g. nocturia x3).
88
Oliguria
olig/o-- scanty; few
decreased production of urine due to kidney failure. dehydration can cause temporary oliguria.
89
polyuria
excessive production of urine due to diabetes
90
pyuria
py/o-- pus
White blood cells in the urine, indicating a urinary tract infection. Severe pyuria can cause urine to be cloudy or milky, or the number of white blood cells may be so few that they can be detected only by microscopic exams.
91
urgency
strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure in the bladder as the bladder contracts repeatedly.
92
UTI
urinary tract infection
general category of an infection anywhere in the urinary tract.
93
BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen
measures the amount of urea. Used to monitor kidney function or kidney disease.
94
Creatinine
measures the amount of creatine. Used to monitor kidney function and progression of disease. used with BUN to give a comprehensive picture of kidney function.
95
C&S
Culture and Sensitivity
puts urine onto culture medium in a Petri dish to identify the cause of a urinary tract infection.
96
leukocyte esterase
detects esterase, an enzyme associated with leukocytes and a urinary tract infection.
97
24hr creatinine clearance
collects all urine for 24hrs to measure the total amount of creatinine "cleared" (excreted) by the kidneys.
98
UA
Urinalysis
Describes the characteristics of the urine and detects substances in it. Uses a dipstick test.
99
What is not found in urine?
**protein** (or albumin) is NOT normally found in urine. **Glucose** is also NOT found in urine.
**Ketones** are also NOT found in urine. They are produced whtn the body cannot use glucose and instead metabolizes fat.
100
SG
Specific Gravity
Measurement of the concentration of the urine as compared to that of water.
101
Device used to measure specific gravity?
Urinometer or refractometer.
102
Sediment
There are several types of sediment in the urine. Crystals of calcium, uric acid, etc... can become kidney stones. Epithelial clls are NORMAL in urine sediment because they are shed continuoulsy from the lining of the urinary tract.
103
IVP
**I**ntra**v**enous **P**yelography
Procedure that uses xrays and radiopaque contrast dye. The dye is injected intravenously and flows through the body and into the kidneys. It outlines the renal pelves, ureters, bladder, and urethra. AKA **excretory urography**.
104
Pyelogram or Urogram
x-ray image from IVP
105
retrograde pyelogrpahy
a cystoscopy is performed and a catherter is advanced into the ureter and dye is injected. The dye outlines the ureter, as well as the pelvis and calices of the kidney.
106
KUB
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder xray.
Procedure that uses an xray of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder done WITHOUT contrast dye. Used to find kidney stones b4 performing pyelography.
107
pyelography
pyel/o-- renal pelvis
-graphy-- process of recording
108
nephrotomography
Nephro/-- kidney
tom/o-- cut; slice; layer
-graphy-- process of recording
procedure that uses a Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan and radiopaque contrast dye injected. takes xray images as multiple "sclies" through the kidneys. Can be examined layer by layer to show exact location of tumors.
109
renal angiography
angi/o-- blood vessel; lymphatic vessel
-graphy-- proces of recording
uses xrays and contrast dye. It outlines the renal artery and shows any obstruction or blocakge. AKA **renal arteriography**
110
Renal scan
Procedure that uses radioactive isotope injected. it is taken up by the kidney and emits radioactive particles that are capture by a scanner and made into an image
111
cystometry
procudure that evaluates the function of the nerves to the bladder.
cyst/o-- bladder
112
CMG
csytometrogram
the cystometer makes a graphic recording known as CMG
113
VCUG
Voiding Cystourethrography
sis-toh-yoo-ree-THRAWG-rah-fee
cyst/o-- bladder; fluid-filled sac
urethr/o-- urethra
-graphy-- process of recording
Uses xrays and contrast dye. The dye outlines the bladder and urethra. The xray image is taken while the patient is urinating.
114
catheterization
a catheter (flexible tube) is inserted thru the urethra and into the bladder to drain the urine.
115
catheter
flexible tube
116
Foley Catheter
indwelling tube that drains urine continuously
117
Suprapubic catheter
Inserted through the abdominal wall just above pubic bone and into bladder
118
dialysis
Procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient in renal failure.
dia-- complete; copmletely through
-lysis-- process of breaking down/ losing (Greek "luo")
119
hemodialysis
uses a fistula or a shunt in the patient's arm.
hem/o-- blood
120
peritoneal dialysis
Uses a PERMANENT catheter inserted through the abdominal wall.
121
dialysate fluid
-ate-- "composed of; pertaining to"
flows thru the catheter and remains in the abdominal cavity for several hours. The fluid pulls wastes from the blood.
122
CAPD
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
the patient is able to walk around between 3-4 episodes of dialysis.
123
CCPD
Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis
a machine inserts and removes fluid several times a night while the patient sleeps.
124
I&O
Intake and Output
procedure that documents total amount of fluid intake and output. used to monitor the body's fluid balance in patients with renal failure, burns, heart failure, etc...
125
bladder neck suspension
procedure to correct stress incontinence. a sling of muscle tissue or synthetic material is inserted around the base of the bladder and urethra to elevate them to normal position
126
cystectomy
cyst/o-- bladder; fluid
-ectomy-- surgical excision
procedure to remove the bladder because of bladder cancer.
127
radical cystectomy
removes bladder, surrounding tissues, and lymph nodes
radic/o-- all parts including the root
-al-- pertaining to
128
kidney transplantation
Procedure to remove a severely damaged kidney from a patient with kidney failure.
129
lithotripsy
lith/o-- stone
-tripsy-- process of crushing
Uses sound waves to break up kidney stone
130
ESWL
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
extra-- outside of
corpor/o-- body (such as corporate prayer)
-eal-- pertaining to
131
nephrectomy
nephr/o-- kidney
-ectomy-- surgical excision
surical procedure to remove a diseased or cancerous kidney
132
nephrolithotomy
nephr/o-- kidney
lith/o-- stone
-tomy-- process of cutting or making an incision
procedure in which a small incision is made in the skin and an endoscop is inserted into the kidney to remove a stone
133
nephropexy
nephr/o-- kidney
-pexy-- process of surgically fixing in place
procedure to correct a kidney that is too low
134
renal biopsy
procedure in which a small piece of kidney is excised for microscopic analysis.
135
stone basketing
procedure in which a cystoscop is inserted into the bladder. a stone basket is then passed thru the scop to snare a kidney stone and remove it
136
TURBT
Transurethral Resection of a Bladder Tumor
procedure to remove a bladder tumor from inside the bladder
137
resectoscope
Inserted thru the urethra into the bladder that resects the bladder tumor
resect/o-- to cut out; remove
138
urethroplasty
procedure that involves plastic surgery to reposition the urethra.
-plasty-- process of reshaping by surgery
139
cath
catheterize or catheterization (slang)
140
cc
cubic centimeter (measuring volume)
141
epi
epithelial cell in the urine specimen
142
GU
genitourinary gonococcal urethritis
143
hpf
high-power field
144
K, K+
potassium
145
TNTC
too numerous to count
146
VMA
vanillylmandelic acid
