MOD 4 Gastroenterology Flashcards
1
Q
Gastroenterology
A
Gastr/o- stomach
enter/o- intestine
-logy the study of
2
Q
GI
A
gastrointestinal
-al… pertaining to
3
Q
Alimentary canal
A
aliment/o- food; nourishment
-ary… pertaining to
another name for the gastrointestinal system
4
Q
gustatory cortex
A
Information of taste is sent to the gustatory cortex of the brain.
gustat/o- the sense of taste
-ory … having the function of
5
Q
Salivary glands
A
- Parotid glands
- Sublingual glands
- Submandibular glands
6
Q
mastication
A
mastic/o- chewing
-ation… a process; being or having
7
Q
Deglutition
A
Swallowing.
(dee-gloo-TISH-un)
degluti/o- swallowing
-tion… a process
8
Q
Pharyngeal
A
pharyng/o- pharynx (throat)
-eal… pertaining to
A passageway for food as well as for inhaled and exhaled air.
9
Q
Peristalsis
A
a process of coordinated contraction that moves food
peri- around
stal/o- contraction
-sis… process; condition
10
Q
The four region of the stomach
A
- cardia
- fundus
- body
- pylorus
11
Q
Rugae
A
deep folds in the lining of the stomach that expands as stomach is filled with food.
12
Q
Chyme
A
pronounced: KIME
semisolid mixture of partially digested food, saliva, digestive enzymes, and fluids of the stomach.
13
Q
The three parts of the small intestine
A
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
14
Q
Duodenum
A
(doo-oh-DEE-num)
10-inch, C-shaped segment that begins at the stomach and ends at the jejunum.
15
Q
Jejunum
A
8-foot segment that twists and turns in the adbominal cavity.
(jeh-JOO-num)
16
Q
ileum
A
12-foot segment that absorbs nutrients is completed.
17
Q
Villi
A
(VIL-eye)
thousands of small, thin structures that project into the lumen (central, open area) and increases the amount of surface area to maximize the absorption of food nutrients and water thru the intestinal wall and into the blood.
18
Q
Large intestine consts of…
A
- the cecum (SEE-kum)
- the colon
- rectum
- anus
19
Q
haustra
A
puckered pouches on the walls of the large intestine that can greatly expand as needed. Water is absorbed thru the intestinal wall and into the blood.
20
Q
colon
A
longest part of the large intestine. It travles thru all 4 quadrants of the abdomen.
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Decending colon
- Sigmoid colon
21
Q
peritoneum
A
(pair-ih-toh-NEE-um)
double-layer serous membrane. one layer lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity. the other layer surounds each of the organs.
22
Q
peritoneal fluid
A
watery fluid that fills spaces between the organs and allows them to slide past each other during movements of digestion
23
Q
omentum
A
Supports the stomach and hangs down as a fatty apron to cover and protect the small intestine.
24
Q
mesentery/mesenteric
A
a thicki, fan-shaped sheet that supports the jejunum and ileum.
meso- middle
enter/o- intestine
-ic… pertaining to
25
celiac trunk
an artery of the abodominal aorta. largest artery in the body. supplies blood to abdominal organs.
celi/o- abdomen
-ac... pertaining to
26
hepatocytes
(heh-PAT-ik)
liver cells that produce bile
hepat/o- liver
-cyte... cell
27
Bile
yellow-green, bitter-tasting, thick fluid. combo of bile acids, mucus, fluid, and bilirubin and biliverdin
28
gallbladder
dark green sac posterior to the liver. stores bile from the liver.
29
pancreas
yellow gland posterior to the stomach. food in the duodenum causes pancrease to secrete digestive enzymes.
also functions as an organ of the endocrine system
30
cholecystokinin
(Koh-lee-sis-toh-KY-nin)
cholecyst/o- gallbladder
kin/o- movement
-in...a substance
hormone that stiumlates gallbladder to contract and reliease bile.
31
emulsification
the process of breaking down of fat
emulsific/o- droplets of fat suspended in a liquid
32
HCL
hyrdochloric acid. breaks down food fibers and converts pepsinogen to the digestive enzyme pepsin, and kills microorganisms in food
33
pepsinogen
inactive substance converted to pepsin, a digestive enzyme that breaks down protein foods
peps/o- digestion
-in... a substance
34
gastrin
a hormone that stiumlates the release of more hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen
35
amylase
enzyme that continues the digestion of carbs that was begun by amylase in the saliva. breaks carbs down into sugar and food fibers
amyl/o- carbohydrate;starch
-ase... enzyme
36
lipase
enzyme that breaks down fat globules into fatty acids
lip/o- fat
-ase... enzyme
37
lactase
produced by villi of the small intestine. lactase breaks down sugars. simple sugar glucose is the only source of energy that body cells can use.
Lact/o- milk
-ase... enzyme
38
mucosa
mucous membrane that lines gastrointestinal sstem and produces mucus
39
cholangi/o-
bile duct
40
choledoch/o- common bile duct
41
anorexia
decreased appetie due to disease of gastrointestinal side effects of a drug. or girls who think they are fat.
an-- without; not
orex/o-- appetite
-ia... condition; state; thing
42
dysphagia
Difficult or painful eating or swallowing. A stroke can make it difficult to coordinate muscles for eating.
dys- painful; dificult; abnormal
phag/o- eating;swallowing
-ia.... condition;state;thing
43
polyphagia
excessive overeating due to overactive thyroid gland, diabetes, or psych illness.
poly- many
phag/o- eating
-ia... condition; state
44
cheilitis
inflammation and cracking of the lips and corners of the mouth due to infection, allergies, or nutritional deficiency.
(ky-LY-tis)
cheil/o- lip
-itis.... inflammation of;
45
sialolithiasis
(sy-al-oh-lih-THY-ah-sis)
a stone (sialolith...sy-AL-oh-lith) that forms in the salivary gland and becomes lodged in the duct, blocking the flow of saliva. Salivary gland, mouth, and face become swollen.
sial/o - saliva/salivary gland
lith/o- stone
-iasis... state of; process of
46
stomatitis
inflammation of the oral mucosa.
stomat/o- mouth
-itis... inflammation of
47
aphthous stomatitis
consists of small ulcers (canker sores) of the oral mucosa.
(AF-thus)
aphth/o- ulcer
-ous... pertaining to
48
glossitis
inflammation that involves only the tongue
gloss/o- tongue
-itis... inflammation of
49
dyspepsia
indigestion that may be accompanied by gas or nausea. may be caused by excess stomach acid or reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus, spicy foods, stress, overeating.
(dis-PEP-see-ah)
dsy-painful; difficult; abnormal
peps/o- digestion
-ia... condition; state; thing
50
esophageal varices
swollen, protruding veins in the mucosa of the lower esophagus or stomach. When liver disease causes blood to back up in the large vein from the intestines to the liver, the blood is forced to take an alternate route.
51
gastritis
(gas-TRY-tis)
acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach due to spicy foods, excess acid production, or bacterial infection.
gastr/o- stomach
-itis... inflammation
52
gastroenteritis
acute inflammation or infection of the stomach and intestines due to a virus or bacterium. Symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
gastr/o- stomach
entero- intestine
-itis... inflammation of
53
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
(gas-troh-ee-sawf-ah-JEE-al)
Inflammation and irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esophagus.
54
heartburn
Pyrosis. temporary inflammation of the esphagus due to reflux of stomach acid.
Pyr/o- fire; burning
-osis...abnormal condition; process
55
hematemesis
(hee-mah-TEM-eh-sis)
hemat/o- blood
-emesis... vomitting
vomiting of blood because of bleeding in stomach or esophagus.
56
N&V
Nausea and Vomiting (emesis..EM-eh-sis).
Vomit, or vomitus is the expelled food or chyme.
57
PUD
peptic ulcer disease
chronic irritation, burning pain, and erosion of the mucosa to form an ulcer in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
58
adenocarcinoma
cancerous tumor in the stomach that starts in the glands in the gastric mucosa.
aden/o- gland
carcin/o- cancer
-oma... tumor; mass
59
ileus
abnormal absence of peristalsis in the small/large intestines.
Postoperative ileus-- occus after intestines are manipulated during abdominal surgery and peristalsis is slow to return.
60
intussusception
(in-tus-suh-SEP-shun)
telescoping of one segment of intestine inside the lumen of the next segment.
61
volvulus
Twisting of the intestine around itself because of structural abnormality of the mesentery.
62
appendicitis
inflammation and infection of the appendix. Undigested material becomes trapped in the lumen of the appendix.
63
colic
common disorder in babies. crampy adbominal pain soon after eating. can be caused by overfeeding, feeding too quickly, inadequate burping, or food allergies to milk.
col/o-- colon
-ic.... pertaining to
64
colon cancer
cancerous tumor of the colon. Occurs when colonic polyps or ulcerative become cancerous. Linked to a high-fat diet.
also known as **colorectal adenocarcinoma**
col/o-- colon
rect/o-- rectum
-al...pertaining to
aden/o-- gland
carcin/o-- cancer
-oma... tumor; mass
65
diverticulum
weakness in the wall of the colon where mucosa forms a pouch or tube. Diverticula can be caused by eating a low-fiber diet that forms small, compact feces. Then, increased intra-abdominal pressure and sraining to pass those feces eventually creates diverticula.
66
dysentery
bacterial infectino caused by unusual strain of e.coli, a common bacterium in the large intestine. There is watery diarrhea mixed with blood and mucus.
dys-- painful; difficult; abnormal
-entery... condition of the intestine
67
gluten sensitivity enteropathy
autoimmune disorder and toxic reaction to the gluten found in certain grain. The small intestine is damaged by the inflammatory response. Known as celiac disease.
celi/o- abdomen
-ac...pertaining to
68
IBD
inflammatory bowl disease
chronic inflammation of various parts of the small and large intestines. there's diarrhea, bloody feces, bdominal cramps, and fever.
69
Crohn's disease
aka "regional enteritis"
affects the ileum and colon. There are areas of normal mucosa, and then finlammation. There are ulcers and thickening of the intestinal wall that can cause partial obstruction in the intestine.
70
ulcerative colitis
affects the colon and rectum and cuases inflammation and ulcers
71
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
disorder of the function of the colon, although the mucosa of the colon never shows any visible signs of inflammation. aka "Spastic colon" or "mucous colitis"
72
polyp
small, fleshy bening or precancerous growth in the mucosa of the colon.
73
pedunculated polyp
has a thin stalk that supports an irregular ball-shaped top.
(peh-DUNG-kyoo-lay-ted)
74
sessile polyp
mound with a broad base.
75
hemorrhoids
swollen, protuding veins in the rectum (internal hem) or on the skin around the anus (external hem). This is caused by intra-abdominal pressure from straining during a bowel movement.
76
proctitis
inflammation of the rectum due to radiation therapy or ulcers or infection of the rectum
proct/o-- rectum
--itis... inflammation
77
rectocele
protruding wall of the rectum pushes on the adjacent vaginal wall, causing it to collapse inward and block the vaginal canal.
rect/o-- rectum
-cele.. hernia
78
constipation
failure to have regular, soft bowel movements. this can be due to decreased peristalsis, lack of dietary fiber, inadequate water intake, or the side effect of a drug.
constip/o-- compacted feces
-ation... a process
79
obstipation
severe, unrelieved constipation that can lead to mechanical obstruction of the bowel. patient is said to be "obstipated."
obstip/o-- severe constipation
80
fecalith
(FEE-kah-lith)
hardened feces that becomes a stonelike mass. can form in the ppendix or in the diverticulum. can be seen when an abdominal xray is done.
fec/a-- feces; stool
-lith...stone
81
hernia
weakness in the muscle of the diaphragm or abdominal wall. The intestine bulges thru the defect. There's swelling/pain.
They are named according to how easily the intestines can move back into normal position.
82
incarcerated (irreducible) hernia
the intestine swells in the hernia sac and becomes trapped. the intestine can no longer be pushed back into the abdomen.
incarcer/o- to imprison
-ated.. pertaining to a condition
83
strangulated hernia
an incarcerated hernia whose blood supply has been cut off. this leads to tissue death (necrosis).
84
hiatal hernia
stomach bulges thru the normal opening in the diaphragm from the esophagus.
(hy-AA-tal)
hiat/o-- gap; opening
--al... pertaining to
85
omphalocele
unbilical hernia that is present at birth and is only covered with peritoneum, without any fat or abdominal skin.
86
peritonitis
inflammation and infection of the peritoneum. occurs when an ulcer or appendix ruptures.
87
ascites
accumulation of ascitic fluid in the abdominopelvic cavity. liver disease and congestive heart failure cause a backup of blood.
88
