Mod 3: Prenatal Development Flashcards
Male Gamete
Sperm - produced in testes
Female Gamete
Ova - stores in ovaries
How long does it take the ovum to mova from the fallopian tube to the uterus?
3 to 4 days
How many sperm are released at ejaculation?
Thousands
How many sperm makes it to the egg?
One
How many chromosomes do normal human cells have?
46
How many chromosomes do gametes have?
23
Allele
Specific version of a gene
Genetic variability allows for…
Genetic adaptation
Phenotype
Physical characteristics
Genotype
Genetic makeup
XY
Genetically male
XX
Genetically female
Autosome
Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
Mutation
Sudden, permanent change in a gene
Duplications
Portion of chromosome duplicated
Extra genetic material
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A
Chromosomal Abnormalities occur when
A child inherits too many or not enough chromosomes
Most common cause of chromosomal abnormalities
Age of mother
Chromosomal abnormalities are believed to occur when
Ovum is ripening
Deletion
Portion of the chromosome is mising or deleted
Deletion
Portion of the chromosome is mising or deleted
Hirschhorn syndrome
Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4
Jacobsen syndrome
terminal 11q deletion disorder
Translocations
portion of one chromosome transfered to another chromosome
Inversions
Portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached
Insertions
part of chromosome has been deleted from normal place and inserted into another chromosome
Rings
portion of chromosome has broken off and formed a circle or ring
Isochromosome
formed by mirror image copy of a chromosome segment including the centromere
Chromosomal abnormality on #23 is…
sex-linked
XXY, XYY, XXX, XO or 45 or 47 chromosomes
Turner’s syndrome
Ovum that lacks a chromosome is fertilized by an x-sperm
XO
affects cognitive function and sexual maturity
1 in 2,500 live female births
What is part of prenatal testing?
Prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis
What is part of prenatal testing?
Prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis
Pretnatal screening
Finding problems among a large population
Affordable and non-invasive
Prenatal Diagnosis
Gaining more detailed information once a problem has been found
more invasive
Prenatal Diagnosis has a high…
miscarriage risk
The Epigenetic Framework
describes psychologicsl development as a result of bi-directional interchange between nature and nurture
Erik Erikson believes that we developed…
Theough personality unfolding in predetermined stages
Behavioral Genetics
Science of how genes and environments work together
Adoption study
We can compare ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ twins to analyze nature and nuture
monozygotic; dizygotic
Monozygotic
Idential twins, zygote/egg splits apart in first two weeks of development
Dizygotic
Fraternal twins, 2 eggs released and fertilized by differeny sperm
Placenta
Temporary Organ that connects fetus to uterine wall via umbilical cord
Functions of the Placenta
Nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, gas exchange via mother’s blood
Amniotic sac
Layer of membranes that hold embryo before birth
Conjoined Twins
Monozygotic twins whose bodies join together during pregnancy
Vanishing Twins
Fetus dies very early in pregnancy and was not detected
absorbed by other fetus, placenta, or mother, or zygotes fuse after fert
Quantitative Genetics
Similarities among people analyzed based on how related they are
First Period of Prenatal Developmental
Germinal Period (Weeks 1-2)
Aspects of Germinal Period
- sperm fertlizies egg and creates zygote
- conception to implantation of zygote in uterine lining
- mitosis
Second Period of Prenatal Development
Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)
Aspects of Embryonic Period
- embryo: multi-cellular
- Placenta forms
- basic structures develop into head, chest, adbodmen
- move and respond to touch
- 1 in and 4 g
Third Period of Prenatal Development
Fetal Stage (Weeks 9-40)
Aspects of Fetal Stage
- 9 weeks: fetus
- about the size of a kidney bean
At 9-12 weeks, sex organs ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
differentiate
By 12 weeks, fetus has all ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
body parts; external genetalia
At 16 weeks, ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ develop, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ are visible
fingers;toes;fingerprints
At 4-6 months, eyes are more sensitive to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ develops, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ system develops
light, hearing, respiratory
From week 16 to week 28, the ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ in size
brain;doubles
At 24 weeks, the fetus can feel ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
pain
The age of viability is during
Weeks 22 to 26
During months 7 to 9, the fetus ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ for ˍˍˍˍˍˍ
prepares; birth
How does the fetus prepare for birth?
- exercise scles
- lungs expand and contract
- fat layers under the skin
- gains 5lbs and 7in
At ˍˍˍˍˍ weeks the fetus is almost ready for birth
36
At 37 weeks, the organs are developed enough to ________________
survive outside of uterus
Teratology
factors that can contribute to birth defects
Alcohol consumption can lead to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ difficulties
neurocognitive;behavioral
ARND
alcohol-related neurological defects
ARBD
alcohol-related birth defects
kidney, bone, heart problems
Nicotine travels through ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to the ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
placenta; baby
Tobacco causes the baby to experience a reduction in ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
blood oxygen levels
ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ more likely to experience damage caused by teratogens
Males
Gestational Diabetes
Woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar during pregnancy
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
Severe and persistent vomiting
-causes dehydration and weightloss
more severe than normal morning sickness
Preeclampsia
Gestational hypertension
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Formation of blood clot in a deep vein, common in legs
Infections are caused by an increased ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to prevent ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ against fetus
immune tolerance; immune reaction
Peripartum Cariomyapathy
Decrease in heart function
Last month to 6 months past pregnancy
About ˍˍˍˍˍ women worldwide die from pregnancy or birth related complication a day
830
Almost all maternal deaths occur in ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ countries
developing
Top cause of maternal morality
Cardiovascular disease
15.2%
Miscarriages usually happen before the ˍˍˍˍˍ week
12th
Grantley Dick-Read suggested that ˍˍˍˍˍˍ of childbirth increases ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ
fear; tension; pain
Hypnobirthing suggests that ˍˍˍˍˍˍ would reduce fear, tension, and need for ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
education; medication
Hypnobirthing emphasizes use of:
- relaxation
- breathing techniques
- family support
- education
The Lamaze Method teaches women how to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ during delivery
be in control
The Lamaze Method emphasizes
- muscle relaxation
- breathing through contractions
- having a focal point
- having a support
Bradley Method helps women deliver ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
naturally
little to no medication
Bradley Method emphasizes
- relaxation techniques
- nutrition and exercise
- involvement of partner
Women who are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ can have successful deliveries under care of nurse midwives
low-risk
Women who are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, have other ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ are more likely to do homebirths
over 25; kids; white
Women are free to act more ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ in birthing centers
spontaneous
The ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ of water can help relieve ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ
boyancy; discomfort; pressure
Labor pain is caused by
Contractions
Epidurals take ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to kick in and can prolong the ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ stages of birth
10-20; first; second
The first stage of delivery is usually the
longest
The first stage begins with ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ that last about ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and are speced ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ apart
uterine contractions; 30 seconds; 15 to 20 minutes
Braxton Hicks
False labor contractions
How much does the cervix dilate
10 centimeters
The second stage of delivery consists of
The delivery of the baby
The baby quickly passes out after
The head and shoulders
The baby’s ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ out
nose; mouth; suctioned
Third stage is..
The delivery of the placenta
usually within 20 minutes
Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale was developed by
T Berry Brazelton
Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale assess the baby’s
- motor development
- muscle tone
- stress response
the APGAR test is taken 1 minute and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ minutes after birth
5
What five measures does the apgar test assess
- Appearance (color)
- Pulse (heart rate)
- Grimace (reflex response)
- Activity (muscle tone)
- Respirations
What APGAR score is a cause for concern
At or below 5
Risks of low birth rate
Difficulty maintaining proper body temperature
Infection
What qualifies a child to be born prematurely
Born under 37 weeks
Premature birth can be caused by anything that
disrupts mothers system
Hypoxia
Deprived of sufficient oxygen
miild to moderate brain damage
Anoxia
Complete lack of oxygen
severe brain damage
