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PSY 241 > Mod 3: Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Mod 3: Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

Male Gamete

A

Sperm - produced in testes

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2
Q

Female Gamete

A

Ova - stores in ovaries

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3
Q

How long does it take the ovum to mova from the fallopian tube to the uterus?

A

3 to 4 days

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4
Q

How many sperm are released at ejaculation?

A

Thousands

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5
Q

How many sperm makes it to the egg?

A

One

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6
Q

How many chromosomes do normal human cells have?

A

46

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23

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8
Q

Allele

A

Specific version of a gene

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9
Q

Genetic variability allows for…

A

Genetic adaptation

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10
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics

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11
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup

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12
Q

XY

A

Genetically male

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13
Q

XX

A

Genetically female

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14
Q

Autosome

A

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

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15
Q

Mutation

A

Sudden, permanent change in a gene

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16
Q

Duplications

A

Portion of chromosome duplicated
Extra genetic material

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A

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17
Q

Chromosomal Abnormalities occur when

A

A child inherits too many or not enough chromosomes

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18
Q

Most common cause of chromosomal abnormalities

A

Age of mother

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19
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities are believed to occur when

A

Ovum is ripening

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20
Q

Deletion

A

Portion of the chromosome is mising or deleted

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20
Q

Deletion

A

Portion of the chromosome is mising or deleted

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21
Q

Hirschhorn syndrome

A

Partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4

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22
Q

Jacobsen syndrome

A

terminal 11q deletion disorder

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23
Q

Translocations

A

portion of one chromosome transfered to another chromosome

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24
Q

Inversions

A

Portion of the chromosome has broken off, turned upside down, and reattached

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25
Q

Insertions

A

part of chromosome has been deleted from normal place and inserted into another chromosome

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26
Q

Rings

A

portion of chromosome has broken off and formed a circle or ring

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27
Q

Isochromosome

A

formed by mirror image copy of a chromosome segment including the centromere

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28
Q

Chromosomal abnormality on #23 is…

A

sex-linked
XXY, XYY, XXX, XO or 45 or 47 chromosomes

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29
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

Ovum that lacks a chromosome is fertilized by an x-sperm
XO
affects cognitive function and sexual maturity

1 in 2,500 live female births

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30
Q

What is part of prenatal testing?

A

Prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis

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30
Q

What is part of prenatal testing?

A

Prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis

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31
Q

Pretnatal screening

A

Finding problems among a large population

Affordable and non-invasive

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32
Q

Prenatal Diagnosis

A

Gaining more detailed information once a problem has been found

more invasive

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33
Q

Prenatal Diagnosis has a high…

A

miscarriage risk

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34
Q

The Epigenetic Framework

A

describes psychologicsl development as a result of bi-directional interchange between nature and nurture

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35
Q

Erik Erikson believes that we developed…

A

Theough personality unfolding in predetermined stages

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36
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

Science of how genes and environments work together

Adoption study

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37
Q

We can compare ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ twins to analyze nature and nuture

A

monozygotic; dizygotic

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38
Q

Monozygotic

A

Idential twins, zygote/egg splits apart in first two weeks of development

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39
Q

Dizygotic

A

Fraternal twins, 2 eggs released and fertilized by differeny sperm

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40
Q

Placenta

A

Temporary Organ that connects fetus to uterine wall via umbilical cord

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41
Q

Functions of the Placenta

A

Nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, gas exchange via mother’s blood

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42
Q

Amniotic sac

A

Layer of membranes that hold embryo before birth

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43
Q

Conjoined Twins

A

Monozygotic twins whose bodies join together during pregnancy

44
Q

Vanishing Twins

A

Fetus dies very early in pregnancy and was not detected

absorbed by other fetus, placenta, or mother, or zygotes fuse after fert

45
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

Similarities among people analyzed based on how related they are

46
Q

First Period of Prenatal Developmental

A

Germinal Period (Weeks 1-2)

47
Q

Aspects of Germinal Period

A
  • sperm fertlizies egg and creates zygote
  • conception to implantation of zygote in uterine lining
  • mitosis
48
Q

Second Period of Prenatal Development

A

Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)

49
Q

Aspects of Embryonic Period

A
  • embryo: multi-cellular
  • Placenta forms
  • basic structures develop into head, chest, adbodmen
  • move and respond to touch
  • 1 in and 4 g
50
Q

Third Period of Prenatal Development

A

Fetal Stage (Weeks 9-40)

51
Q

Aspects of Fetal Stage

A
  • 9 weeks: fetus
  • about the size of a kidney bean
52
Q

At 9-12 weeks, sex organs ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

differentiate

53
Q

By 12 weeks, fetus has all ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

body parts; external genetalia

54
Q

At 16 weeks, ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ develop, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ are visible

A

fingers;toes;fingerprints

55
Q

At 4-6 months, eyes are more sensitive to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ develops, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ system develops

A

light, hearing, respiratory

56
Q

From week 16 to week 28, the ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ in size

A

brain;doubles

57
Q

At 24 weeks, the fetus can feel ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

pain

58
Q

The age of viability is during

A

Weeks 22 to 26

59
Q

During months 7 to 9, the fetus ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ for ˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

prepares; birth

60
Q

How does the fetus prepare for birth?

A
  • exercise scles
  • lungs expand and contract
  • fat layers under the skin
  • gains 5lbs and 7in
61
Q

At ˍˍˍˍˍ weeks the fetus is almost ready for birth

A

36

62
Q

At 37 weeks, the organs are developed enough to ________________

A

survive outside of uterus

63
Q

Teratology

A

factors that can contribute to birth defects

64
Q

Alcohol consumption can lead to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ difficulties

A

neurocognitive;behavioral

65
Q

ARND

A

alcohol-related neurological defects

66
Q

ARBD

A

alcohol-related birth defects

kidney, bone, heart problems

67
Q

Nicotine travels through ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to the ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

placenta; baby

68
Q

Tobacco causes the baby to experience a reduction in ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

blood oxygen levels

69
Q

ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ more likely to experience damage caused by teratogens

A

Males

70
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Woman without diabetes develops high blood sugar during pregnancy

71
Q

Hyperemesis Gravidarum

A

Severe and persistent vomiting
-causes dehydration and weightloss

more severe than normal morning sickness

72
Q

Preeclampsia

A

Gestational hypertension

73
Q

Deep Vein Thrombosis

A

Formation of blood clot in a deep vein, common in legs

74
Q

Infections are caused by an increased ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to prevent ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ against fetus

A

immune tolerance; immune reaction

75
Q

Peripartum Cariomyapathy

A

Decrease in heart function
Last month to 6 months past pregnancy

76
Q

About ˍˍˍˍˍ women worldwide die from pregnancy or birth related complication a day

A

830

77
Q

Almost all maternal deaths occur in ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ countries

A

developing

78
Q

Top cause of maternal morality

A

Cardiovascular disease

15.2%

79
Q

Miscarriages usually happen before the ˍˍˍˍˍ week

A

12th

80
Q

Grantley Dick-Read suggested that ˍˍˍˍˍˍ of childbirth increases ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

fear; tension; pain

81
Q

Hypnobirthing suggests that ˍˍˍˍˍˍ would reduce fear, tension, and need for ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

education; medication

82
Q

Hypnobirthing emphasizes use of:

A
  • relaxation
  • breathing techniques
  • family support
  • education
83
Q

The Lamaze Method teaches women how to ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ during delivery

A

be in control

84
Q

The Lamaze Method emphasizes

A
  • muscle relaxation
  • breathing through contractions
  • having a focal point
  • having a support
85
Q

Bradley Method helps women deliver ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

naturally

little to no medication

86
Q

Bradley Method emphasizes

A
  • relaxation techniques
  • nutrition and exercise
  • involvement of partner
87
Q

Women who are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ can have successful deliveries under care of nurse midwives

A

low-risk

88
Q

Women who are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, have other ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ, and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ are more likely to do homebirths

A

over 25; kids; white

89
Q

Women are free to act more ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ in birthing centers

A

spontaneous

90
Q

The ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ of water can help relieve ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ

A

boyancy; discomfort; pressure

91
Q

Labor pain is caused by

A

Contractions

92
Q

Epidurals take ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ to kick in and can prolong the ˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍ stages of birth

A

10-20; first; second

93
Q

The first stage of delivery is usually the

A

longest

94
Q

The first stage begins with ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ that last about ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and are speced ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ apart

A

uterine contractions; 30 seconds; 15 to 20 minutes

95
Q

Braxton Hicks

A

False labor contractions

96
Q

How much does the cervix dilate

A

10 centimeters

97
Q

The second stage of delivery consists of

A

The delivery of the baby

98
Q

The baby quickly passes out after

A

The head and shoulders

99
Q

The baby’s ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ are ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ out

A

nose; mouth; suctioned

100
Q

Third stage is..

A

The delivery of the placenta

usually within 20 minutes

101
Q

Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale was developed by

A

T Berry Brazelton

102
Q

Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale assess the baby’s

A
  • motor development
  • muscle tone
  • stress response
103
Q

the APGAR test is taken 1 minute and ˍˍˍˍˍˍˍˍ minutes after birth

A

5

104
Q

What five measures does the apgar test assess

A
  • Appearance (color)
  • Pulse (heart rate)
  • Grimace (reflex response)
  • Activity (muscle tone)
  • Respirations
105
Q

What APGAR score is a cause for concern

A

At or below 5

106
Q

Risks of low birth rate

A

Difficulty maintaining proper body temperature
Infection

107
Q

What qualifies a child to be born prematurely

A

Born under 37 weeks

108
Q

Premature birth can be caused by anything that

A

disrupts mothers system

109
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deprived of sufficient oxygen

miild to moderate brain damage

110
Q

Anoxia

A

Complete lack of oxygen

severe brain damage

PSY 241 (6 decks)

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