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PSY 241 > Mod 2: Developmental Theories > Flashcards

Mod 2: Developmental Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Freud assumed Personality developed in…

A

The first few years of life

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2
Q

What was Freud’s profession

A

Doctor in neurology

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3
Q

Id

A

Biologically driven, innate, wants immediate gratification, deepest desires, pleasure principal

infants

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4
Q

Ego

A

First 3 years, rational, seen by others, balance between id and superego, reality principal

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5
Q

Superego

A

around 5, conscience (moral compass), perfection, judgemental

pride or guilt

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6
Q

When Does the Oral Stage Occur?

A

First year of life

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7
Q

Oral Stage Attributes

A

Oral gratification; explore, comfort, stimulation through mouth

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8
Q

Inconsistency or neglect during oral stage results in…

A

Eating, drinking, smoknig, nail biting, compulsive talking

Oral fixation

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9
Q

When does the anal stage occur?

A

Toddlerhood and Potty Training

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10
Q

Anal Stage Attributes

A

Contain urges and actions (self control); development of ego

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11
Q

Anally-retentive

A

Fears letting go, neat, organized, reliable, controlling

Result of controlling caregiver during potty training

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12
Q

Anal-expulsive

A

Messy, irresponsible, disorganized

Result of neglect

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13
Q

When does the phallic stage occur?

A

3-5; preschool

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14
Q

Oedipus complex

A

boy unconsciously desires mother sexually; wishes to replace father but fears castration; strives to be like father

Learns sense of masculinity, feels pressured to conform to societal want

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15
Q

Phallic Male

A

Tries to prove masculinity by seducing women and/or fighting men

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16
Q

Electra Complex

A

girl unconsciously desires father sexually; realizes she cant compete with mother

proposed by Carl Jung

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17
Q

Penis Envy

A

girl feels jealousy because she does not have a penis

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18
Q

Castrating Female

A

Tries to compete with men

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19
Q

Latency Stage Attributes

A

focus on friendships; quieting of biological drives; confidence when making friends

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20
Q

If child is not able to make friends during latency stage

A

shyness or loner into adulthood

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21
Q

What age does the genital stage occur?

A

adolescence into adulthood

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22
Q

Genital Stage Attributes

A

rising hormone levels, sex drives and hunger drives; rely on ego

quieting id with superego can lead to self-consciousness and guilt

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23
Q

Defesne mechanism

A

Ego uses unconscious strivings to prevent being overwhelmed by anxiety

24
Q

Denial

A

Not accepting the truth, denying reality

“I don’t have a problem” “It won’t happen to me”

25
Q

Displacement

A

Taking frustrations out on safer target

Yelling at friend when angry with boss

26
Q

Projection

A

Person places their own emotions onto others

“I’m not scared, you are!”

27
Q

Rationalization

A

Cognitive distortion of facts

“It’s ok, I didn’t want that job anyway”

Anna Freud

28
Q

Reaction Formation

A

Person outwardly opposes inner desire they find unacceptable

closeted person being homophobic

29
Q

Regression

A

Going back to time where world felt safer

Age regression

30
Q

Repression

A

Push painful thoughts of out consciousness

“Nope, not gonna think about that”

31
Q

Sublimation

A

Tranforming unacceptable urges into acceptable ones

“Glowing up” after a break up

32
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

Emphasizes unconscious psychological processes

childhood experiences important in shaping personality

33
Q

Criticisms of Freud’s theory

A

1 - difficult to test scientifically (difficult to prove wrong)
2 - considered sexist (women have inferior position)
3 - too deterministic (left no room for free will)

34
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

key to understanding development are observable behavior and external stimuli in environment

emerged in 20th century

35
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

explains:
- how responses to one situation attach to new ones
- how we develop emtional responsense or reactions to people, events, or situations

36
Q

Pavlov’s Experiement

A
  1. ring bell before introducing food (food is unconditioned stimulus; bell is conditioned stimulus)
  2. dogs connect bell to food (dogs begin to salivate to sound of bell; conditioned response)
37
Q

Watson believed…

A

Fears and emotional responses are results of classical conditioning

38
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Organisms associate behavior and its consequence

39
Q

Behavior is more likely to be repeated after a…

A

pleasant consequence

40
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

Learning occurs in a social context

began in 1960s with Albert Bandura

41
Q

Observational Learning Process

A
  1. Attention
  2. Retention
  3. Initiate
  4. Motivation
42
Q

Reciporcal Determinism

A

Interplay betweeen personality and the way we interpret and are influenced by events

43
Q

Theory of Cognitive Development

A

Theory about the nature and development of human intelligence

Jean Piaget

44
Q

Jean Piaget

A

One of the first to recognize and map out the ways that children and adult intelligence differ

45
Q

When children are faced with new thing

A

they may:
1. fit into existing framework (schema) and match it with the known thing (assimilation)
2. Expand framework of knowledge (accomidation)

46
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

Jean Piaget

A
  • Birth - 2 years
  • Learn about world through senses and motor behavior
    test if items are edible; shake, bang items to see if they produce sound
  • 5-8mos: object permanence
47
Q

Preoperational Stage

Jean Piaget

A
  • 2 to 7 years
  • use symbols to represent words, ideas, and images
    pretend play
  • begin using language
  • egocentricism
48
Q

Children cannot understand ____ or ____ in the preoperational stage

A

Adult logic; mentally manipulate information

49
Q

Children’s logic is based on ____ in the preoperational stage

A

what they know so far

50
Q

Egocentrism

A

cannot look from the perspective of others

preoperational stage

51
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

Jean Piaget

A
  • 7 to 11
  • logical thinking about real (concrete) events
  • understand concept of reversibility
52
Q

Formal Operational

Jean Piaget

A
  • 11 to adulthood
  • deal with abstract ideas and hypotheticals
  • renewed egocentrism in adolescence
53
Q

Postformal Stage

A
  • proposed by those who criticized Piagets theory
  • decisions made contextually
  • logic intertwines with emotion
  • draw on past experiences to help solve new ones
54
Q

Information-processing approach

A

humans process the information they recieve
- complex behavior can be broken down into steps
- cognitive development specific to individual

55
Q

Neo-Piagetian Theories

A

Cognition is made up of different types of skill
Experience plays a huge role in cognitive development

PSY 241 (6 decks)

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