Mod 2: Developmental Theories Flashcards
Freud assumed Personality developed in…
The first few years of life
What was Freud’s profession
Doctor in neurology
Id
Biologically driven, innate, wants immediate gratification, deepest desires, pleasure principal
infants
Ego
First 3 years, rational, seen by others, balance between id and superego, reality principal
Superego
around 5, conscience (moral compass), perfection, judgemental
pride or guilt
When Does the Oral Stage Occur?
First year of life
Oral Stage Attributes
Oral gratification; explore, comfort, stimulation through mouth
Inconsistency or neglect during oral stage results in…
Eating, drinking, smoknig, nail biting, compulsive talking
Oral fixation
When does the anal stage occur?
Toddlerhood and Potty Training
Anal Stage Attributes
Contain urges and actions (self control); development of ego
Anally-retentive
Fears letting go, neat, organized, reliable, controlling
Result of controlling caregiver during potty training
Anal-expulsive
Messy, irresponsible, disorganized
Result of neglect
When does the phallic stage occur?
3-5; preschool
Oedipus complex
boy unconsciously desires mother sexually; wishes to replace father but fears castration; strives to be like father
Learns sense of masculinity, feels pressured to conform to societal want
Phallic Male
Tries to prove masculinity by seducing women and/or fighting men
Electra Complex
girl unconsciously desires father sexually; realizes she cant compete with mother
proposed by Carl Jung
Penis Envy
girl feels jealousy because she does not have a penis
Castrating Female
Tries to compete with men
Latency Stage Attributes
focus on friendships; quieting of biological drives; confidence when making friends
If child is not able to make friends during latency stage
shyness or loner into adulthood
What age does the genital stage occur?
adolescence into adulthood
Genital Stage Attributes
rising hormone levels, sex drives and hunger drives; rely on ego
quieting id with superego can lead to self-consciousness and guilt
Defesne mechanism
Ego uses unconscious strivings to prevent being overwhelmed by anxiety
Denial
Not accepting the truth, denying reality
“I don’t have a problem” “It won’t happen to me”
Displacement
Taking frustrations out on safer target
Yelling at friend when angry with boss
Projection
Person places their own emotions onto others
“I’m not scared, you are!”
Rationalization
Cognitive distortion of facts
“It’s ok, I didn’t want that job anyway”
Anna Freud
Reaction Formation
Person outwardly opposes inner desire they find unacceptable
closeted person being homophobic
Regression
Going back to time where world felt safer
Age regression
Repression
Push painful thoughts of out consciousness
“Nope, not gonna think about that”
Sublimation
Tranforming unacceptable urges into acceptable ones
“Glowing up” after a break up
Psychodynamic perspective
Emphasizes unconscious psychological processes
childhood experiences important in shaping personality
Criticisms of Freud’s theory
1 - difficult to test scientifically (difficult to prove wrong)
2 - considered sexist (women have inferior position)
3 - too deterministic (left no room for free will)
Behavioral perspective
key to understanding development are observable behavior and external stimuli in environment
emerged in 20th century
Classical Conditioning
explains:
- how responses to one situation attach to new ones
- how we develop emtional responsense or reactions to people, events, or situations
Pavlov’s Experiement
- ring bell before introducing food (food is unconditioned stimulus; bell is conditioned stimulus)
- dogs connect bell to food (dogs begin to salivate to sound of bell; conditioned response)
Watson believed…
Fears and emotional responses are results of classical conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Organisms associate behavior and its consequence
Behavior is more likely to be repeated after a…
pleasant consequence
Social Cognitive Theory
Learning occurs in a social context
began in 1960s with Albert Bandura
Observational Learning Process
- Attention
- Retention
- Initiate
- Motivation
Reciporcal Determinism
Interplay betweeen personality and the way we interpret and are influenced by events
Theory of Cognitive Development
Theory about the nature and development of human intelligence
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget
One of the first to recognize and map out the ways that children and adult intelligence differ
When children are faced with new thing
they may:
1. fit into existing framework (schema) and match it with the known thing (assimilation)
2. Expand framework of knowledge (accomidation)
Sensorimotor Stage
Jean Piaget
- Birth - 2 years
- Learn about world through senses and motor behavior
test if items are edible; shake, bang items to see if they produce sound - 5-8mos: object permanence
Preoperational Stage
Jean Piaget
- 2 to 7 years
- use symbols to represent words, ideas, and images
pretend play - begin using language
- egocentricism
Children cannot understand ____ or ____ in the preoperational stage
Adult logic; mentally manipulate information
Children’s logic is based on ____ in the preoperational stage
what they know so far
Egocentrism
cannot look from the perspective of others
preoperational stage
Concrete Operational Stage
Jean Piaget
- 7 to 11
- logical thinking about real (concrete) events
- understand concept of reversibility
Formal Operational
Jean Piaget
- 11 to adulthood
- deal with abstract ideas and hypotheticals
- renewed egocentrism in adolescence
Postformal Stage
- proposed by those who criticized Piagets theory
- decisions made contextually
- logic intertwines with emotion
- draw on past experiences to help solve new ones
Information-processing approach
humans process the information they recieve
- complex behavior can be broken down into steps
- cognitive development specific to individual
Neo-Piagetian Theories
Cognition is made up of different types of skill
Experience plays a huge role in cognitive development
