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INORG CHEM LEC > MOD 3: BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE > Flashcards

MOD 3: BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE Flashcards

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1
Q
  • having VERY LITTLE or NO THERAPEUTICAL VALUE but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms
  • should be of same quality as therapeutic agent
  • PHARMACEUTICAL NECESSITIES
  • may be required for such purposes as; excipient, preservations, stabilization, acidification, alkalization, etc.
A

PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS

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2
Q

a part of a drug product ASIDE from the ACTIVE INGREDIENT

A

EXCIPIENT

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3
Q
  • for ANALYTICAL PURPOSES
  • as BUFFER systems
  • to DISSOLVE insoluble medicinals
  • preparation of EFFERVESCENT MIXTURES (render oral drugs more palatable)
A

ACIDS AND BASES

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4
Q

sol for LIDOCAINE HCl Inj. USP

A

LIDOCAINE + HCl

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5
Q

sol for NIACIN inj. USP

A

NIACIN + NaOH

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6
Q

base
source of CO2

A

SODIUM BICARBONATE

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7
Q

citric acid
tartaric acid
sodium dihydrogen phosphate

A

ACIDS

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8
Q

3 theories that acids and bases can be defined

A

ARRHENIUS
BRONSTED-LOWRY
LEWIS

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9
Q

it involves the hydrogen
- formation / production of hydrogen
- liberates H+

A

ARRHENIUS ACID

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10
Q

produce HYDROXIDE ions

A

ARRHENIUS BASE

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11
Q
  • PROTON
  • DONATES hydrogen
  • a substance that can DONATE PROTON
A

BRONSTED-LOWRY ACID

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12
Q
  • PROTON
  • ACCEPTS hydrogen
  • a substance that can ACCEPT PROTON
A

BRONSTED-LOWRY BASE

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13
Q

electron pair ACCEPTOR

A

LEWIS ACID

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14
Q

electron pair DONOR

A

LEWIS BASE

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15
Q

35-38% (w/w) HCl

A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID USP

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16
Q
  • Hydrochloric acid USP
  • Diluted Hydrochloric acid USP
  • Arsenious acid
  • Nitrohydrochloric acid
A

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

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17
Q

9.5-10.5% (w/w) HCl
- treatment of GASTRIC ACHLORYDRIA (lack of HCl)

A

DILUTED HYDROCHLORIC ACID USP

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18
Q

lack of HCl

A

GASTRIC ACHLORHYDRIA

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19
Q
A
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20
Q
  • ARSENIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION
  • HCl converts arsenic trioxide to arsenic trichloride
A

ARSENIOUS ACID

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21
Q
  • NITROMURIATIC ACID
  • AQUA REGIA - kingly water
  • in diluted form: activates PEPSIN
A

NITROHYDROCHLORIC ACID

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22
Q

KINGLY WATER

A

AQUA REGIA

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23
Q

mixture of acid that can DISSOLVE GOLD

A

AQUA REGIA

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24
Q

enzyme that can digest proteins

A

PEPSIN

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25
Q
  • EAU FORTE
  • AQUA FORTIS - strong water
  • used in manufacture of EXPLOSIVES, nitrates
  • Ferric subsulfate solution
  • Mercuric nitrate solution
  • Bismuth magma
A

NITRIC ACID

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26
Q
  • MONSEL’S SOLUTION
  • nitric acid oxidizes ferrous ion to ferric ion
A

FERRIC SUBSULFATE SOLUTION

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27
Q
  • nitric acid converts BISMUTH SUBNITRATE to nitrate
A

BISMUTH MAGMA

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28
Q
  • Phosphoric acid USP
  • Diluted Phosphoric acid USP
A

PHOSPHORIC ACID

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29
Q

85-88% (w/w) H3PO4

A

PHOSPHORIC ACID USP

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30
Q

9.5-10.5% (w/) H3PO4

A

DILUTED PHOSPHORIC ACID USP

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31
Q
  • Sulfuric acid USP
  • Saccharated Ferrous carbonate
A

SULFURIC ACID

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32
Q

94-98% (w/w) H2SO4

A

SULFURIC ACID USP

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33
Q

diluted H2SO4 as ACIDIFIER

A

SACCHARATED FERROUS CARBONATE

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34
Q
  • Kaolin cataplasm
  • Boric acid solution
  • Boric acid ointment
  • Lister’s solution
  • Compound zinc sulfate powder
A

BORIC ACID

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35
Q

ANTISEPTIC SOLUTION

A

LISTER’S SOLUTION

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36
Q

ANTISEPTIC POWDER

A

COMPOUND ZINC SULFATE POWDER

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37
Q

used as STANDARD SOLUTION in ACID-BASE TITRATION

A

SODIUM HYDROXIDE

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38
Q

similar no NaOH but MORE DELIQUESCENT, STRONGER AND MORE EXPENSIVE than NAOH

A

POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE

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39
Q
  • HYDRATED LIME / SLAKED LIME
  • mixed with 3-4x of water: MILK OF LIME
  • saturated aqueous solution: LIME WATER
  • antacid
  • mild astringent
  • saponifying agent for oils
A

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

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40
Q

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE mixed with 3-4x water

A

MILK OF LIME

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41
Q

CALCIUM HYDROXIDE saturated aqueous solution

A

LIME WATER

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42
Q
  • anhydrous: SODA ASH
  • decahydrate: SAL SODA, WASHING SODA
  • as anhydrous: BUFFER preparations
  • as solution: LOTION preparations
A

SODIUM CARBONATE

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43
Q

SODIUM CARBONATE anhydrous

A

SODA ASH

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44
Q

SODIUM CARBONATE as decahydrate

A

SAL SODA, WASHING SODA

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45
Q

SODIUM CARBONATE as anhydrous

A

BUFFER PREP

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46
Q

SODIUM CARBONATE as solution

A

LOTION PREP

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47
Q
  • STRONGER ammonia water
  • 27-29% NH3
  • used in manufacture of ammonium salts, nitric acid, fertilizers
A

STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION

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48
Q
  • AMMONIA WATER
  • 9-10% NH3
  • Spirit of Hartshorn: product of destructive distillation of HORNS OF MALE DEER
  • Household ammonia: for CLEANING and WASHING due to water softening and saponifying properties
A

DILUTED AMMONIA SOLUTION

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49
Q

ability of substance to ABSORB MOISTURE in air and DISSOLVE it

A

DELIQUESCENT

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50
Q

ability to JUST ABSORB moisture in air

A

HYGROSCOPIC

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51
Q
  • are compounds or mixture of compounds, that by the presence in solution, RESIST PH CHANGES upon addition of SMALL QUANTITIES of acid or alkali
  • MAINTAIN the pH of medicinals at optimal limits
A

BUFFERS

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52
Q

measure of acidity or basicity

A

pH

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53
Q

LOWER pH

A

ACIDIC

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54
Q

HIGHER pH

A

BASIC

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55
Q
  • salts of SOIUM PHOSPHATE + NaCl (pH 6-8)
  • a.k.a. PHOSPHATE BUFFERED SALINE (PBS)
A

SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER

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56
Q

pH level of SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER

A

6-8

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57
Q

SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER mixture

A

SALTS OF SODIUM PHOSPHATE + NaCl

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58
Q

boric acid + sodium bicarbonate + KCl (pH 5-9)

A

GIFFORD’S BUFFER

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59
Q

GIFFORD’S BUFFER mixture

A

BORIC ACID + SODIUM BICARBONATE + KCl

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60
Q

pH level of GIFFORD’S BUFFER

A

5-9

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61
Q

boric acid + sodium carbonate + NaCl

A

ATKIN’S AND PANTIN BUFFER

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62
Q

ATKIN’S AND PANTIN BUFFER mixture

A

BORIC ACID + SODIUM CARBONATE + NaCl

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63
Q

boric acid + sodium borate + NaCl

A

FELDMAN’S BUFFER / PALITZSCH BUFFER

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64
Q

FELDMAN’S BUFFER / PALITZSCH BUFFER mixture

A

BORIC ACID + SODIUM BORATE + NaCl

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65
Q

frequently used in formulation of OPTHALMIC SOLUTIONS

A

PHARMACEUTICAL BUFFERS

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66
Q

widely used as:
- raw material
- inactive ingredient
- medicinal vehicle
- solvent
- processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products (dosage forms), active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) API intermediates, compendial articles, and analytical reagents as well as in cleaning applications

A

WATER

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67
Q
  • contain varying amounts of suspended matter, such as clay, sand, microorganisms, and fragments of plants and animals
  • MINERAL WATERS, NATURAL SPRING WATERS, WELL WATERS
A

NATURAL WATERS

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68
Q

w/ Na and Mg sulfates + NaHCO3

A

ALKALINE WATER

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69
Q

charged with CO2 under pressure

A

CARBONATED WATER

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70
Q

w/ iron characterized by FERRUGINOUS TASTE

A

CHALYBEATE WATER

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71
Q

w/ LITHIUM carbonates or chlorides

A

LITHIA WATER

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72
Q
  • PURGATIVE WATER
  • w/ Na and Mg sulfates + NaCl
A

SALINE WATER

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73
Q

w/ HYDROGEN SULFIDE

A

SULFUR WATER

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74
Q

w/ ALKALI SILICATES

A

SILICEOUS WATER

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75
Q

water can be characterized by

A

HARDNESS

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76
Q
  • presence of SOLUBLE Ca and Mg BICARBONATES
  • can be softened by BOILING or LIME PROCESS
A

TEMPORARY HARDNESS

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77
Q
  • presence of INSOLUBLE Ca and Mg CHLORIDES AND SULFATES
A

PERMANENT HARDNESS

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78
Q

are typically produced ON-SITE where they are used

A

BULK MONOGRAPHED WATERS

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79
Q
  • as EXCIPIENTin the production of NONPARENTERAL preparations and in other pharmaceutical applications
  • NOT introduced directly into the bloodstream
  • NOT required to be sterile
  • WATER OF CHOICE for extemporaneous compounding
A

PURIFIED WATER

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80
Q

absence of microbes

A

STERILE

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81
Q

a drug or mixture of drugs prepared or compounded in a pharmacy according to the order of a prescriber

A

EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING

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82
Q
  • as excipient in the production of PARENTERAL and other preparations where product ENDOTOXIN content must be CONTROLLED, and in other pharmaceutical applications
  • minimal quality of source water: DRINKING WATER
  • NOT required to be sterile
A

WATER FOR INJECTION

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83
Q
  • for HEMODIALYSIS applications
  • minimal quality of source water: DRINKING WATER
A

WATER FOR HEMODIALYSIS

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84
Q
  • CLEAN STEAM
  • porous load STERALIZATION PROCESSES product or cleaning solutions heated by direct steam injection, or humidification of processes where steam injection is used to control the humidity inside processing vessels where the official articles or their in-process forms are exposed
A

PURE STEAM

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85
Q

these are produced, packaged, and sterilized to preserve microbial quality throughout their packaged shelf life

A

STERILE MONOGRAPHED WATERS / STERILE WATERS

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86
Q
  • PURIFIED WATER, packaged and rendered sterile
A

STERILE PURIFIED WATER

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87
Q
  • WATER FOR INJECTION packaged and rendered sterile
  • for extemporaneous prescription compounding and as sterile diluent for parenteral products
  • packaged in single-dose containers NMT 1L
A

STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION

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88
Q
  • water for injection, packaged and rendered sterile, to which has been added one or more suitable ANTIMICROBIAL PRESERVATIVES (e.g. benzyl alcohol)
  • intended to be used as a diluent in the preparation of parenteral products, most typically for MULTI-DOSE products that require repeated content withdrawals
  • packaged in single-dose or multiple-dose containers NMT 30mL
A

BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR INJECTION

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89
Q
  • water for injection packaged and sterilized
  • in SINGLE-DOSE containers that MAY BE LARGER THAN 1L and allow RAPID DELIVERY of their contents
A

STERILE WATER FOR IRRIGATION

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90
Q
  • WFI that is packaged and rendered sterile
  • intended for use in INHALATORS and in the preparation of INHALATION SOLUTIONS
A

STERILE WATER FOR INHALATION

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91
Q
  • POTABLE WATER (drinkable or fit to drink)
  • prescribed SOURCE OF FEED WATER for the production of bulk monographed pharmaceutical waters
A

DRINKING WATER

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92
Q
  • purified water that has been VIGOROUSLY BOILED for NLT 5min, then cooled and protected from absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide
A

CARBON DIOXIDE-FREE WATER

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93
Q
  • produced by VAPORIZING DRINKING WATER or a higher quality of water and condensing it into a PURER STATE
A

DISTILLED WATER

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94
Q
  • produced by an ion-exchange process in which the cations and anions are replaced with H+ and OH- ions by use of ION-EXCHANGE RESINS
A

DEIONIZED WATER

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95
Q

intended to come into DIRECT CONTACT with pharmaceutical products

A

GLASS CONTAINERS

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96
Q
  • DECREASES coefficient of expansion in Pyrex glass
A

BORON

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97
Q
  • provide AMBER LIKE light resistant glass
A

POTASSIUM

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98
Q
  • INCREASE REFRACTIVE INDEX
A

LEAD

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99
Q
  • NEUTRAL GLASS
  • suitable for most products for parenteral and nonparenteral uses
A

TYPE 1 (BOROSILICATE GLASS)

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100
Q

TREATED SODA LIME GLASS
- suitable for most ACIDIC and NEUTRAL aqueous products for parenteral and nonparenteral uses

A

TYPE II (TREATED SODA-LIME-SILICA)

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101
Q

REGULAR SODA LIME GLASS
- NOT USED FOR PARENTERAL PRODUCTS or for powders for parenteral use

A

TYPE III (SODA-LIME-SILICA)

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102
Q

used to DIFFERENTIATE the TYPE OF GLASS

A

GLASS GRAINS TEST

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103
Q

GENERAL PURPOSE SODA LIME GLASS
- for TOPICAL and ORAL dosage forms

A

TYPE IV (NP GLASS)

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104
Q

used to REDUCE the OXIDATION of ACTIVE SUBSTANCES and excipients in the finished product

A

ANTIOXIDANTS

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105
Q
  • a POWERFUL REDUCING AGENT
  • ferrous iodide syrup
A

HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID

106
Q
  • used as PRESERVATIVE in food, drugs, and beverages
A

SULFUR DIOXIDE

107
Q
  • SO2 source
A

SODIUM METABISULFITE

108
Q
  • hypophosphorous acid prevents oxidation of this product
A

FERROUS IODIDE SYRUP

109
Q
  • for OCD LIVER OIL and VITAMIN preparations
  • used to displace oxygen- and moisture-containing air in packaging material to extend the shelf-lives
A

NITROGEN GAS

110
Q
  • also used as preservative
A

ARGON GAS

111
Q

source of CO2 in SEIDLITZ POWDER

A

SODIUM BICARBONATE

112
Q

water of choice for EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING

A

PURIFIED WATER

113
Q
  • AGUA OXIGENDA, OXYGENATED WATER
  • the strength depends on the volume of active oxygen it yields
  • antiseptic: 3% or 10 volume
  • bleaching agent: 6% or 20 volume
A

HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTIONS

114
Q
  • antiseptic
  • bleaching agent
  • zonrox white
A

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS

115
Q
  • LUGOL’S SOLUTION / STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
  • IODINE TINCTURE
  • POVIDONE IODINE
  • less staining
  • more soluble
  • less toxic
A

IODINE SOLUTIONS

116
Q

STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
- 5% iodine solution

A

LUGOL’S SOLUTION

117
Q
  • EYE ANTISEPTIC for NEWBORN babies
A

SILVER NITRATE

118
Q

LUNAR CAUSTIC
- toughened silver nitrate

A

SILVER NITRATE PENCIL

119
Q

AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION

A

HOWE’S SOLUTION

120
Q
  • “WHITE PRECIPITATE”
  • As dusting powder – treatment of ECZEMA and PARASITIC SKIN DISEASES
A

AMMONIATED MERCURY

121
Q

▫ BLUE ointment
▫ 9-10% Hg
▫ Parasiticide

A

MILD MERCURIAL OINTMENT

122
Q
  • Astringent
  • Mild antiseptic
A

ZINC ACETATE

123
Q
  • Escharotic for GANGRENOUS SORES
  • As mouthwash - antiseptic and astringent
  • For EMBALMING and preservation of the anatomical Specimens
A

ZINC CHLORIDE

124
Q
  • antiseptic
A

ZINC IODIDE

125
Q
  • As heptahydrate – WHITE VITRIOL
  • Emetic and astringent
  • Mordant in dye – intensify or fixed stains
  • WHITE LOTION
A

ZINC SULFATE

126
Q

▫ LOTION ALBA
▫ Zinc sulfate + potassium sulfide
- Sulfide – for skin disease
- Zinc - astringent

A

WHITE LOTION

127
Q
  • “BORACIC ACID”
  • Used as DUSTING POWDER or OINTMENT BASE
  • Antiseptic
  • Used in preparation of LISTER’S SOLUTION (antiseptic mouthwash)
A

BORIC ACID

128
Q
  • “BORAX”, sodium tetraborate
  • BACTERIOSTATIC (as eye-wash and wet dressing)
  • Water-softener
A

SODIUM BORATE

129
Q
  • “TARTAR EMETIC”
  • Emetic, followed by depression
  • Depressant expectorant
  • IV: treatment of VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS - “KALA AZAR” or “BLACK FEVER”
A

ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE

130
Q
  • “BRIMSTONE”, “BURNING STONE”
  • A PALE YELLOW, odorless and brittle solid
  • “PHLOGISTON” – principle of COMBUSTIBILITY
  • Production of sulfuric acid
  • VULCANIZE NATURAL RUBBERS
    ▪ Uses:
    1) Cathartic
    2) Parasiticide in scabies
    3) Stimulant in alopecia
    4) Fumigation
    5) Treatment of skin diseases
A

SULFUR

131
Q
  • “LIVER OF SULFUR, HEPAR SULFURIS”
  • Mixture of K polysulfides and thiosulfate
  • Treatment of parasitic skin diseases
A

SULFURATED POTASH

132
Q
  • Antifungal shampoo for DANDRUFF
A

SELENIUM DISULFIDE

133
Q
  • cause skin cells or mucus membranes to CONTRACT or SHRINK, by precipitating proteins from their surface
  • dry, harden and protect the skin
  • relieve skin irritations due to allergies, eczema, insect ites
  • antiperspirant
  • styptic: reduce bleeding from minor cuts
A

ASTRINGENTS (TOPICAL)

134
Q
  • “BUROW’S SOLUTION”
  • Aluminum subacetate solution + Glacial acetic acid
  • Antiseptic and astringent on skin
A

ALUMINUM ACETATE

135
Q
  • As solution – antiseptic and astringent
A

ALUMINUM SULFATE

136
Q
  • BASIC BISMUTH CARBONATE
  • Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder
  • Has antacid effect
A

BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE

137
Q
  • Basic bismuth carbonate
  • Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder
  • Has GREATER ASTRINGENT EFFECT
A

BISMUTH SUBGALLATE

138
Q
  • Basic bismuth nitrate
  • Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder
  • MOST EFFECTIVE ANTISEPTIC
A

BISMUTH SUBNITRATE

139
Q
  • “MILK OF BISMUTH”, “BISMUTH CREAM”
  • Similar to bismuth subcarbonate, but LESS EFFECTIVE
A

BISMUTH MAGMA

140
Q
  • Astringent, styptic, hematinic
A

FERIC CHLORIDE

141
Q
  • applied DIRECTLY TO THE SKIN surface
  • help maintain the skin’s physical barrier
  • provide protection from irritants (excessive moisture due to incontinence, perspiration, or wound drainage)
  • prevent the skin from drying out
A

PROTECTIVES (TOPICAL)

142
Q
  • ZINC WHITE, CHINESE WHITE
  • Antiseptic and astringent
  • As ointment or dusting powder – treatment of
    eczema, psoriasis, pruritis
  • Used in manufacture of ADHESIVE TAPE
  • Used as PAINT PIGMENT
  • Calamine
A

ZINC OXIDE

143
Q

▫ 98% ZnO + 2% ferric oxide
▫ VERY FINE PINK POWDER
▫ Used in the form of powder, ointment or lotion – treatment of skin diseases

A

CALAMINE

144
Q
  • Dusting powder - antiseptic and astringent
A

ZINC STEARATE

145
Q
  • Antacid with adsorbent and protective property
  • Emulsifying agent
A

MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE

146
Q
  • Used as WHITE PIGMENT in creams and paints
  • WARD OFF LIGHT RAYS – for SUN-SCREEN preparations
  • OPACIFYING AGENT in capsule and tablet coatings
A

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

147
Q
  • NATIVE HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE
  • filtering agent
A

TALC

148
Q
  • COLORANTS in TOPICAL preparations to make them more attractive and appealing
A

INORGANIC PIGMENTS

149
Q
  • Red and yellow form
  • Colorant, simulate skin color (e.g. in Calamine)
A

FERRIC OXIDE

150
Q

▫ PRECIPITATED CHALK
▫ External: as dentifrice (tooth powder) due to mild abrasive property
▫ Internal: antacid

A

PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE

151
Q
  • Treatment of VINCENT’S ANGINA “TRENCH MOUTH”
  • Dentifrice
A

SODIUM PERBORATE

152
Q
  • For STAPHYLOCCOCI INFECTIONS
  • Dentifrice
A

STANNIC OXIDE

153
Q

prevents formation of dental carries

A

DENTAL PROPHYLACTIC

154
Q

tooth abrasives / tooth powders

A

DENTRIFICE

155
Q
  • Antiseptic at low concentration
  • Dental prophylactic – prevents dental carries
A

SODIUM FLUORIDE / CALCIUM FLUORIDE

156
Q
  • PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL GASES
  • are frequently used to synthesize, sterilize, or insulate processes or products which contribute to human health
  • pharmaceutical gases are also inhaled by patients in a technique known as GAS THERAPY
A

ARTIFICIAL ATMOSPHERES

157
Q
  • used as a PRESSURIZING agent; and ASPHYXIANT (displaces the normal O2 in air)
A

NITROGEN

158
Q
  • supplement the BREATHING OF PATIENTS
A

OXYGEN

159
Q
  • its LOW DENSITY makes it easy to RESPIRE
A

HELIUM

160
Q
  • to stimulate RESPIRATION
A

CARBON DIOXIDE

161
Q
  • a weak GENERAL ANESTHETIC
A

NITROUS OXIDE

162
Q
  • as an anesthetic; used for HYPERPOLARIZED MAGENTIC RESONANCE IMAGING
A

XENON

163
Q

OXYGEN COLOR IN USA

A

GREEN

164
Q

OXYGEN COLOR IN INT.

A

WHITE

165
Q

CARBON DIOXIDE COLOR IN USA & INT.

A

GRAY

166
Q

NITROUS OXIDE COLOR IN USA & INT.

A

BLUE

167
Q

HELIUM COLOR IN USA & INT.

A

BROWN

168
Q

NITROGEN COLOR IN USA & INT.

A

BLACK

169
Q

AIR COLOR IN USA

A

YELLOW

170
Q

AIR COLOR IN INT.

A

WHITE & BLACK

171
Q
  • used to prevent BUILDUP of CO2 during GENERAL ANESTHESIA when a patient rebreathes air
A

CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORBERS

172
Q

Calcium hydroxide + Na/K hydroxides

A

SODA LIME

173
Q

Calcium hydroxide + Barium hydroxide

A

BARIUM HYDROXIDE LIME

174
Q
  • “CARBONIC ACID GAS”
  • Oxygen gas mixed with 5% CO2 → treatment of
    poisoning by CO, alcohol, methanol, morphine
  • Carbon dioxide snow (dry ice)
A

CARBON DIOXIDE

175
Q

▫ Remedy for skin disorder (e.g. acne, eczema, psoriasis, warts)

A

CARBON DIOXIDE SNOW (DRY ICE)

176
Q
  • “SAL VOLATILE, PRESTON SALT, HARTSHORN”
  • Reflex stimulant
  • Expectorant
A

AMMONIUM CARBONATE

177
Q
  • Gastric stimulant, carminative, antacid
A

AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT

178
Q

loosen the mucus

A

EXPECTORANTS

179
Q

expectorant

A

HYDROIODIC ACID SYRUP

180
Q
  • “MURIATE OF AMMONIA, SAL AMMONIAC”
  • Expectorant, diuretic
A

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

181
Q
  • Solubilizing agent in iodine solution
  • Histolytic
  • Expectorant
A

SODIUM IODIDE

182
Q
  • RECTAL INJECTION used to evacuate the bowel, influence the general system by absorption or to affect locally the area of disease
A

ENEMAS

183
Q
  • aqueous solution DIRECTED AGAINST A PART or INTO A BODY CAVITY for cleansing and antiseptic agent
A

DOUCHE

184
Q

DOBELL’S SOLUTION

A

SODIUM BORATE

185
Q
  • irrigation of body cavities, tissues or wounds, indwelling urethral catheters, surgical drainage tubes, and for washing, rinsing, or soaking surgical dressings, instruments and laboratory specimens
A

SOIUM CHLORIDE IRRIGATION

186
Q
  • used as a URINARY BLADDER IRRIGANT; its acidic pH is conducive to dissolving any bladder calculi in patients such as those using an indwelling catheter
A

CITRIC ACIS, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SODIUM CARBONATE IRRIGATION

187
Q
  • a radioactive tracer for MEDICAL IMAGING
A

TECHNETIUM 99

188
Q
  • Radiopaque contrast media
A

BARIUM SULFATE

189
Q

▫ Radioactive isotope, anticancer

A

GOLD-198

190
Q
  • radioactive iodine for THYROID diseases and cancer
A

IODINE 131

191
Q
  • used as a BONE REPLACEMENT for TEMPORARY BRACES of long bones, and to CLOSE OPENINGS IN THE SKULL
A

TANTALUM

192
Q
  • as DENTAL CROWNS, bridges, and inlays (gold leaf)
A

GOLD

193
Q
  • used for DENTAL FILLINGS
A

MERCURY AMALGAMS OF GOLD AND SILVER

194
Q
  • used for dental fillings zinc
A

ZINC-EUGENOL CEMENT

195
Q
  • used for TEMPORARY SUPPORT structures, especially for BROKEN BONES
A

PLASTER OF PARIS

196
Q
  • treatment of CYANIDE and IODINE POISONING
A

SODIUM THIOSULFATE

197
Q
  • treatment of CYANIDE POISONING
A

SODIUM NITRITE

198
Q
  • UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE
A

ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

199
Q
  • antidote for THALLIUM POISONING
A

FERIC FERROCYANIDE

200
Q

antidote for ARSENIC POISONING

A

FERRIC HYDROXIDE

201
Q
  • antidote for PHOSPHOROUS POISONING
A

CUPRIC SULFATE

202
Q
  • involved in the MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS and in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure
A

PHYSIOLOGICAL IONS AND ELEMENTS

203
Q

MAJOR CATIONS

A

Potassium
Inside (ICF)
Sodium
Outside (ECF)

204
Q

MAJOR ANIONS

A

Phosphorous
Inside (ICF)
Chloride
Outside (ECF)

205
Q

2ND MAJOR ANION IN ECF

A

BICARBONATE

206
Q

2ND MAJOR CATIONS

A

Magnesium
Inside
Calcium
Outside

207
Q
  • REPLENISH the BODY’S WATER and ELECTROLYTE concentrations after DEHYDRATION caused by exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, diaphoresis (heavy sweating), diarrhea, vomiting, intoxication or starvation
A

ELECTROLYTE REPLENISHERS

208
Q
  • “ROCK SALT, TABLE SALT”
  • Electrolyte replenishment
  • Renders solutions to be ISOTONIC
    ▫ Prescription “fiat isotonic collyrium”
  • Normal saline solution (NSS), 0.9% NaCl
    ▫ Physiological salt solution
A

SODIUM CHLORIDE

209
Q
  • diuretic
A

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

210
Q
  • Urinary acidifier
  • Ringer’s Solution
  • Lactated Ringer’s Solution
A

CALCIUM CHLORIDE

211
Q

▫ Isotonic solution of THREE CHLORIDES
▫ Ca, Na and K chlorides

A

RINGER’S SOLUTION

212
Q

▫ Ca, Na and K chlorides + sodium lactate

A

LACTATED RINGER’S SOLUTION

213
Q
  • used to manage DISORDERS ASOCIATED WITH LOW pH
A

SYSTEMIC ALKALIZERS

214
Q
  • “BAKING SODA”
  • Antacid
    ▫ Misuse can lead to “rebound acidity”
  • Urinary alkalizer
A

SODIUM BICARBONATE

215
Q
  • Antacid, urinary alkalizer
A

POTASSIUM BICARBONATE

216
Q
  • Diaphoretic – increases sweating
A

SODIUM CITRATE

217
Q
  • Diuretic, expectorant, laxative
A

POTASSIUM CITRATE

218
Q

NORMAL HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

219
Q
  • NEUTRALIZES the ALKALINE BODY FLUID, particularly blood, in patients who are suffering from systemic alkalosis
A

SYSTEMIC ACIDIFIERS

220
Q
  • sodium dihydrogen phosphate
  • monobasic sodium phosphate
  • Urinary acidifier
A

SODIUM BIPHOSPHATE

221
Q
  • essential because they FORM an integral part of one or more enzymes involved in a metabolic or biochemical process (as catalyst)
  • BODY CANNOT PRODUCE THEM and must be taken thru DIET
A

ESSENTIAL AND TRACE ELEMENTS

222
Q
  • CATALYTIC SITE of many of the enzymes and oxygen-transporting proteins (e.g. hemoglobin, transferrin)
A

IRON

223
Q
  • COFACTOR of many enzymes involved in REDOX REACTIONS (e.g. cytochrome c oxidase)
A

COPPER

224
Q
  • ENHANCES THE ACTION OF INSULIN and manages blood glucose concentration
  • plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of the IMMUNE SYSTEM
A

ZINC

225
Q
  • ANTIOXIDATN that protects cells from damage due to FREE RADICALS
A

MANGANESE

226
Q
  • required to POTENTATE INSULIN and for the normal glucose metabolism
A

CHROMIUM

227
Q
  • MOCO is used by the enzymes to catalyze diverse redox reactions
A

MOLYBDENUM

228
Q
  • has antioxidant properties and protects against the ACTIONS OF FREE RADICALS and CARCINOGENIC FACTORS
  • component of enzyme GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE which works with vitamin E to prevent LIVER NECROSIS
A

SELENIUM

229
Q
  • an integral part of VITAMIN B12 (cyanocobalamin)
A

COBALT

230
Q
  • present in all polypeptides, proteins and enzymes that contain CYSTEINE AND METHIONINE amino acids
A

SULFUR

231
Q
  • an integral component of THYROID HORMONES needed for cellular metabolism (e.g. thyroxin T3 and triiodothyronine T4)
A

IODINE

232
Q
  • neutralizes stomach acidity which in turn relieves heart burn, indigestion, or stomach upset
A

GASTRIC ANTACIDS

233
Q

Antacid with mild laxative effect
- Magnesia magma
▫ “Milk of Magnesia”
▫ A suspension prepared by hydration of MgO

A

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE

234
Q

▫ “Milk of Magnesia”
▫ A suspension prepared by hydration of MgO

A

MAGNESIA MAGMA

235
Q
  • “MAGNESIA ALBA”
  • Antacid, laxative
  • Clarifying or filtering agent in syrups
  • Abrasive in tooth powders
A

MAGNESIUM CARBONATE

236
Q
  • Antacid, laxative
  • “Magnesia”
    ▫ Light – made by heating MgCO3 to dull redness
    ▫ Heavy – MgSO4 + Na2CO3 → heat
A

MAGNESIUM OXIDE

237
Q
  • Antacid with adsorbent and protective property
  • Emulsifying agent
A

MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE

238
Q
  • Antacid
A

MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE

239
Q

a DEFOAMING agent, antiflatulence

A

SIMETHICONE

240
Q
  • As gel – antacid, astringent, demulcent
A

ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE

241
Q

____ preparations are CONSTIPATIVE

A

CALCIUM

242
Q
  • highly water soluble
  • rapid onset, short duration
  • effervescent antacid
  • sparkling flavor
A

SODIUM BICARBONATE

243
Q
  • SYMPTOM and not a disease
  • impair digestion and/or absorption
  • stimulates peristalsis
  • can lead to dehydration
  • acute: bacterial toxins, chemical poisons, drugs, allergy, and disease
  • chronic: GI surgery, carcinomas, chronic inflammatory conditions, various adsorptive defects
A

DIARRHEA

244
Q

use only if with INFECTION

A

ANTIBACTERIALS

245
Q

adsorb toxins, bacteria and viruses, offer protective coating of mucosa

A

ADSORPTIVE / PROTECTIVE

246
Q

PINK BISMUTH

A

BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE

247
Q

protective and adsorbent
- earthly or clay like taste

A

KAOLIN

248
Q
  • the emptying, cleansing, purging pr evacuation of the bowels
A

CATHARSIS

249
Q
  • an AGENT that CAUSES CATHARSIS
A

CATHARTIC OR PURGATIVE

250
Q
  • a CATHARTIC taken to relieve constipation
A

LAXATIVE

251
Q
  • LOCAL IRRITATION - intestinal secretions and motility
  • e.g. bisacodyl, senna
A

STIMULANT LAXATIVES

252
Q
  • RETAIN FLUID in the stool and increase stool weight and consistency
  • e.g. psyllium, dietary fiber, and methylcellulose
A

BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES

253
Q
  • aid in the PAASAGE OF STOOLS by its lubricating action throughout the intestines
  • e.g. mineral oil, glycerin
A

EMOLLIENT LAXATIVES (LUBRICANTS)

254
Q
  • POORLY ABSORBABLE and draws water into the lumen of the bowl
  • e.g. milk of magnesia, lactulose
A

SALINE (OSMOTIC) LAXATIVES

255
Q
  • monobasic sodium phosphate
  • dibasic sodium phosphate
A

CATHARTIC / SODIUM PHOSPHATE

256
Q

GLAUBER’S SALT

A

SODIUM SULFATE

257
Q

SEIDLITZ POWDERS

A

COMPOUND EFFERVESCENT POWDERS

258
Q

CREAM OF TARTAR

A

POTASSIUM BITARTRATE

259
Q

ROCHELLE’S SALT / SAL SEIUGNETTE

A

POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE

260
Q

CITARTE OF MAGNESIA / PURGATIVE LEMONADE

A

MAGNESIUM CITRATE

261
Q

EPSOM SALT / BITTER SALT

A

MAGNESIUM SULFATE

262
Q

converts arsenic trioxide to arsenic trichloride

A

HCl

INORG CHEM LEC (8 decks)

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