MOD 3: BIOLOGICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE Flashcards
- having VERY LITTLE or NO THERAPEUTICAL VALUE but are necessary in the manufacture of various dosage forms
- should be of same quality as therapeutic agent
- PHARMACEUTICAL NECESSITIES
- may be required for such purposes as; excipient, preservations, stabilization, acidification, alkalization, etc.
PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS
a part of a drug product ASIDE from the ACTIVE INGREDIENT
EXCIPIENT
- for ANALYTICAL PURPOSES
- as BUFFER systems
- to DISSOLVE insoluble medicinals
- preparation of EFFERVESCENT MIXTURES (render oral drugs more palatable)
ACIDS AND BASES
sol for LIDOCAINE HCl Inj. USP
LIDOCAINE + HCl
sol for NIACIN inj. USP
NIACIN + NaOH
base
source of CO2
SODIUM BICARBONATE
citric acid
tartaric acid
sodium dihydrogen phosphate
ACIDS
3 theories that acids and bases can be defined
ARRHENIUS
BRONSTED-LOWRY
LEWIS
it involves the hydrogen
- formation / production of hydrogen
- liberates H+
ARRHENIUS ACID
produce HYDROXIDE ions
ARRHENIUS BASE
- PROTON
- DONATES hydrogen
- a substance that can DONATE PROTON
BRONSTED-LOWRY ACID
- PROTON
- ACCEPTS hydrogen
- a substance that can ACCEPT PROTON
BRONSTED-LOWRY BASE
electron pair ACCEPTOR
LEWIS ACID
electron pair DONOR
LEWIS BASE
35-38% (w/w) HCl
HYDROCHLORIC ACID USP
- Hydrochloric acid USP
- Diluted Hydrochloric acid USP
- Arsenious acid
- Nitrohydrochloric acid
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
9.5-10.5% (w/w) HCl
- treatment of GASTRIC ACHLORYDRIA (lack of HCl)
DILUTED HYDROCHLORIC ACID USP
lack of HCl
GASTRIC ACHLORHYDRIA
- ARSENIC CHLORIDE SOLUTION
- HCl converts arsenic trioxide to arsenic trichloride
ARSENIOUS ACID
- NITROMURIATIC ACID
- AQUA REGIA - kingly water
- in diluted form: activates PEPSIN
NITROHYDROCHLORIC ACID
KINGLY WATER
AQUA REGIA
mixture of acid that can DISSOLVE GOLD
AQUA REGIA
enzyme that can digest proteins
PEPSIN
- EAU FORTE
- AQUA FORTIS - strong water
- used in manufacture of EXPLOSIVES, nitrates
- Ferric subsulfate solution
- Mercuric nitrate solution
- Bismuth magma
NITRIC ACID
- MONSEL’S SOLUTION
- nitric acid oxidizes ferrous ion to ferric ion
FERRIC SUBSULFATE SOLUTION
- nitric acid converts BISMUTH SUBNITRATE to nitrate
BISMUTH MAGMA
- Phosphoric acid USP
- Diluted Phosphoric acid USP
PHOSPHORIC ACID
85-88% (w/w) H3PO4
PHOSPHORIC ACID USP
9.5-10.5% (w/) H3PO4
DILUTED PHOSPHORIC ACID USP
- Sulfuric acid USP
- Saccharated Ferrous carbonate
SULFURIC ACID
94-98% (w/w) H2SO4
SULFURIC ACID USP
diluted H2SO4 as ACIDIFIER
SACCHARATED FERROUS CARBONATE
- Kaolin cataplasm
- Boric acid solution
- Boric acid ointment
- Lister’s solution
- Compound zinc sulfate powder
BORIC ACID
ANTISEPTIC SOLUTION
LISTER’S SOLUTION
ANTISEPTIC POWDER
COMPOUND ZINC SULFATE POWDER
used as STANDARD SOLUTION in ACID-BASE TITRATION
SODIUM HYDROXIDE
similar no NaOH but MORE DELIQUESCENT, STRONGER AND MORE EXPENSIVE than NAOH
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
- HYDRATED LIME / SLAKED LIME
- mixed with 3-4x of water: MILK OF LIME
- saturated aqueous solution: LIME WATER
- antacid
- mild astringent
- saponifying agent for oils
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE mixed with 3-4x water
MILK OF LIME
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE saturated aqueous solution
LIME WATER
- anhydrous: SODA ASH
- decahydrate: SAL SODA, WASHING SODA
- as anhydrous: BUFFER preparations
- as solution: LOTION preparations
SODIUM CARBONATE
SODIUM CARBONATE anhydrous
SODA ASH
SODIUM CARBONATE as decahydrate
SAL SODA, WASHING SODA
SODIUM CARBONATE as anhydrous
BUFFER PREP
SODIUM CARBONATE as solution
LOTION PREP
- STRONGER ammonia water
- 27-29% NH3
- used in manufacture of ammonium salts, nitric acid, fertilizers
STRONG AMMONIA SOLUTION
- AMMONIA WATER
- 9-10% NH3
- Spirit of Hartshorn: product of destructive distillation of HORNS OF MALE DEER
- Household ammonia: for CLEANING and WASHING due to water softening and saponifying properties
DILUTED AMMONIA SOLUTION
ability of substance to ABSORB MOISTURE in air and DISSOLVE it
DELIQUESCENT
ability to JUST ABSORB moisture in air
HYGROSCOPIC
- are compounds or mixture of compounds, that by the presence in solution, RESIST PH CHANGES upon addition of SMALL QUANTITIES of acid or alkali
- MAINTAIN the pH of medicinals at optimal limits
BUFFERS
measure of acidity or basicity
pH
LOWER pH
ACIDIC
HIGHER pH
BASIC
- salts of SOIUM PHOSPHATE + NaCl (pH 6-8)
- a.k.a. PHOSPHATE BUFFERED SALINE (PBS)
SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER
pH level of SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER
6-8
SORENSEN PHOSPHATE BUFFER mixture
SALTS OF SODIUM PHOSPHATE + NaCl
boric acid + sodium bicarbonate + KCl (pH 5-9)
GIFFORD’S BUFFER
GIFFORD’S BUFFER mixture
BORIC ACID + SODIUM BICARBONATE + KCl
pH level of GIFFORD’S BUFFER
5-9
boric acid + sodium carbonate + NaCl
ATKIN’S AND PANTIN BUFFER
ATKIN’S AND PANTIN BUFFER mixture
BORIC ACID + SODIUM CARBONATE + NaCl
boric acid + sodium borate + NaCl
FELDMAN’S BUFFER / PALITZSCH BUFFER
FELDMAN’S BUFFER / PALITZSCH BUFFER mixture
BORIC ACID + SODIUM BORATE + NaCl
frequently used in formulation of OPTHALMIC SOLUTIONS
PHARMACEUTICAL BUFFERS
widely used as:
- raw material
- inactive ingredient
- medicinal vehicle
- solvent
- processing, formulation, and manufacture of pharmaceutical products (dosage forms), active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) API intermediates, compendial articles, and analytical reagents as well as in cleaning applications
WATER
- contain varying amounts of suspended matter, such as clay, sand, microorganisms, and fragments of plants and animals
- MINERAL WATERS, NATURAL SPRING WATERS, WELL WATERS
NATURAL WATERS
w/ Na and Mg sulfates + NaHCO3
ALKALINE WATER
charged with CO2 under pressure
CARBONATED WATER
w/ iron characterized by FERRUGINOUS TASTE
CHALYBEATE WATER
w/ LITHIUM carbonates or chlorides
LITHIA WATER
- PURGATIVE WATER
- w/ Na and Mg sulfates + NaCl
SALINE WATER
w/ HYDROGEN SULFIDE
SULFUR WATER
w/ ALKALI SILICATES
SILICEOUS WATER
water can be characterized by
HARDNESS
- presence of SOLUBLE Ca and Mg BICARBONATES
- can be softened by BOILING or LIME PROCESS
TEMPORARY HARDNESS
- presence of INSOLUBLE Ca and Mg CHLORIDES AND SULFATES
PERMANENT HARDNESS
are typically produced ON-SITE where they are used
BULK MONOGRAPHED WATERS
- as EXCIPIENTin the production of NONPARENTERAL preparations and in other pharmaceutical applications
- NOT introduced directly into the bloodstream
- NOT required to be sterile
- WATER OF CHOICE for extemporaneous compounding
PURIFIED WATER
absence of microbes
STERILE
a drug or mixture of drugs prepared or compounded in a pharmacy according to the order of a prescriber
EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING
- as excipient in the production of PARENTERAL and other preparations where product ENDOTOXIN content must be CONTROLLED, and in other pharmaceutical applications
- minimal quality of source water: DRINKING WATER
- NOT required to be sterile
WATER FOR INJECTION
- for HEMODIALYSIS applications
- minimal quality of source water: DRINKING WATER
WATER FOR HEMODIALYSIS
- CLEAN STEAM
- porous load STERALIZATION PROCESSES product or cleaning solutions heated by direct steam injection, or humidification of processes where steam injection is used to control the humidity inside processing vessels where the official articles or their in-process forms are exposed
PURE STEAM
these are produced, packaged, and sterilized to preserve microbial quality throughout their packaged shelf life
STERILE MONOGRAPHED WATERS / STERILE WATERS
- PURIFIED WATER, packaged and rendered sterile
STERILE PURIFIED WATER
- WATER FOR INJECTION packaged and rendered sterile
- for extemporaneous prescription compounding and as sterile diluent for parenteral products
- packaged in single-dose containers NMT 1L
STERILE WATER FOR INJECTION
- water for injection, packaged and rendered sterile, to which has been added one or more suitable ANTIMICROBIAL PRESERVATIVES (e.g. benzyl alcohol)
- intended to be used as a diluent in the preparation of parenteral products, most typically for MULTI-DOSE products that require repeated content withdrawals
- packaged in single-dose or multiple-dose containers NMT 30mL
BACTERIOSTATIC WATER FOR INJECTION
- water for injection packaged and sterilized
- in SINGLE-DOSE containers that MAY BE LARGER THAN 1L and allow RAPID DELIVERY of their contents
STERILE WATER FOR IRRIGATION
- WFI that is packaged and rendered sterile
- intended for use in INHALATORS and in the preparation of INHALATION SOLUTIONS
STERILE WATER FOR INHALATION
- POTABLE WATER (drinkable or fit to drink)
- prescribed SOURCE OF FEED WATER for the production of bulk monographed pharmaceutical waters
DRINKING WATER
- purified water that has been VIGOROUSLY BOILED for NLT 5min, then cooled and protected from absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide
CARBON DIOXIDE-FREE WATER
- produced by VAPORIZING DRINKING WATER or a higher quality of water and condensing it into a PURER STATE
DISTILLED WATER
- produced by an ion-exchange process in which the cations and anions are replaced with H+ and OH- ions by use of ION-EXCHANGE RESINS
DEIONIZED WATER
intended to come into DIRECT CONTACT with pharmaceutical products
GLASS CONTAINERS
- DECREASES coefficient of expansion in Pyrex glass
BORON
- provide AMBER LIKE light resistant glass
POTASSIUM
- INCREASE REFRACTIVE INDEX
LEAD
- NEUTRAL GLASS
- suitable for most products for parenteral and nonparenteral uses
TYPE 1 (BOROSILICATE GLASS)
TREATED SODA LIME GLASS
- suitable for most ACIDIC and NEUTRAL aqueous products for parenteral and nonparenteral uses
TYPE II (TREATED SODA-LIME-SILICA)
REGULAR SODA LIME GLASS
- NOT USED FOR PARENTERAL PRODUCTS or for powders for parenteral use
TYPE III (SODA-LIME-SILICA)
used to DIFFERENTIATE the TYPE OF GLASS
GLASS GRAINS TEST
GENERAL PURPOSE SODA LIME GLASS
- for TOPICAL and ORAL dosage forms
TYPE IV (NP GLASS)
used to REDUCE the OXIDATION of ACTIVE SUBSTANCES and excipients in the finished product
ANTIOXIDANTS
- a POWERFUL REDUCING AGENT
- ferrous iodide syrup
HYPOPHOSPHOROUS ACID
- used as PRESERVATIVE in food, drugs, and beverages
SULFUR DIOXIDE
- SO2 source
SODIUM METABISULFITE
- hypophosphorous acid prevents oxidation of this product
FERROUS IODIDE SYRUP
- for OCD LIVER OIL and VITAMIN preparations
- used to displace oxygen- and moisture-containing air in packaging material to extend the shelf-lives
NITROGEN GAS
- also used as preservative
ARGON GAS
source of CO2 in SEIDLITZ POWDER
SODIUM BICARBONATE
water of choice for EXTEMPORANEOUS COMPOUNDING
PURIFIED WATER
- AGUA OXIGENDA, OXYGENATED WATER
- the strength depends on the volume of active oxygen it yields
- antiseptic: 3% or 10 volume
- bleaching agent: 6% or 20 volume
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTIONS
- antiseptic
- bleaching agent
- zonrox white
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE SOLUTIONS
- LUGOL’S SOLUTION / STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
- IODINE TINCTURE
- POVIDONE IODINE
- less staining
- more soluble
- less toxic
IODINE SOLUTIONS
STRONG IODINE SOLUTION
- 5% iodine solution
LUGOL’S SOLUTION
- EYE ANTISEPTIC for NEWBORN babies
SILVER NITRATE
LUNAR CAUSTIC
- toughened silver nitrate
SILVER NITRATE PENCIL
AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE SOLUTION
HOWE’S SOLUTION
- “WHITE PRECIPITATE”
- As dusting powder – treatment of ECZEMA and PARASITIC SKIN DISEASES
AMMONIATED MERCURY
▫ BLUE ointment
▫ 9-10% Hg
▫ Parasiticide
MILD MERCURIAL OINTMENT
- Astringent
- Mild antiseptic
ZINC ACETATE
- Escharotic for GANGRENOUS SORES
- As mouthwash - antiseptic and astringent
- For EMBALMING and preservation of the anatomical Specimens
ZINC CHLORIDE
- antiseptic
ZINC IODIDE
- As heptahydrate – WHITE VITRIOL
- Emetic and astringent
- Mordant in dye – intensify or fixed stains
- WHITE LOTION
ZINC SULFATE
▫ LOTION ALBA
▫ Zinc sulfate + potassium sulfide
- Sulfide – for skin disease
- Zinc - astringent
WHITE LOTION
- “BORACIC ACID”
- Used as DUSTING POWDER or OINTMENT BASE
- Antiseptic
- Used in preparation of LISTER’S SOLUTION (antiseptic mouthwash)
BORIC ACID
- “BORAX”, sodium tetraborate
- BACTERIOSTATIC (as eye-wash and wet dressing)
- Water-softener
SODIUM BORATE
- “TARTAR EMETIC”
- Emetic, followed by depression
- Depressant expectorant
- IV: treatment of VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS - “KALA AZAR” or “BLACK FEVER”
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE
- “BRIMSTONE”, “BURNING STONE”
- A PALE YELLOW, odorless and brittle solid
- “PHLOGISTON” – principle of COMBUSTIBILITY
- Production of sulfuric acid
- VULCANIZE NATURAL RUBBERS
▪ Uses:
1) Cathartic
2) Parasiticide in scabies
3) Stimulant in alopecia
4) Fumigation
5) Treatment of skin diseases
SULFUR
- “LIVER OF SULFUR, HEPAR SULFURIS”
- Mixture of K polysulfides and thiosulfate
- Treatment of parasitic skin diseases
SULFURATED POTASH
- Antifungal shampoo for DANDRUFF
SELENIUM DISULFIDE
- cause skin cells or mucus membranes to CONTRACT or SHRINK, by precipitating proteins from their surface
- dry, harden and protect the skin
- relieve skin irritations due to allergies, eczema, insect ites
- antiperspirant
- styptic: reduce bleeding from minor cuts
ASTRINGENTS (TOPICAL)
- “BUROW’S SOLUTION”
- Aluminum subacetate solution + Glacial acetic acid
- Antiseptic and astringent on skin
ALUMINUM ACETATE
- As solution – antiseptic and astringent
ALUMINUM SULFATE
- BASIC BISMUTH CARBONATE
- Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder
- Has antacid effect
BISMUTH SUBCARBONATE
- Basic bismuth carbonate
- Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder
- Has GREATER ASTRINGENT EFFECT
BISMUTH SUBGALLATE
- Basic bismuth nitrate
- Protective, astringent, antiseptic, dusting powder
- MOST EFFECTIVE ANTISEPTIC
BISMUTH SUBNITRATE
- “MILK OF BISMUTH”, “BISMUTH CREAM”
- Similar to bismuth subcarbonate, but LESS EFFECTIVE
BISMUTH MAGMA
- Astringent, styptic, hematinic
FERIC CHLORIDE
- applied DIRECTLY TO THE SKIN surface
- help maintain the skin’s physical barrier
- provide protection from irritants (excessive moisture due to incontinence, perspiration, or wound drainage)
- prevent the skin from drying out
PROTECTIVES (TOPICAL)
- ZINC WHITE, CHINESE WHITE
- Antiseptic and astringent
- As ointment or dusting powder – treatment of
eczema, psoriasis, pruritis - Used in manufacture of ADHESIVE TAPE
- Used as PAINT PIGMENT
- Calamine
ZINC OXIDE
▫ 98% ZnO + 2% ferric oxide
▫ VERY FINE PINK POWDER
▫ Used in the form of powder, ointment or lotion – treatment of skin diseases
CALAMINE
- Dusting powder - antiseptic and astringent
ZINC STEARATE
- Antacid with adsorbent and protective property
- Emulsifying agent
MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE
- Used as WHITE PIGMENT in creams and paints
- WARD OFF LIGHT RAYS – for SUN-SCREEN preparations
- OPACIFYING AGENT in capsule and tablet coatings
TITANIUM DIOXIDE
- NATIVE HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE
- filtering agent
TALC
- COLORANTS in TOPICAL preparations to make them more attractive and appealing
INORGANIC PIGMENTS
- Red and yellow form
- Colorant, simulate skin color (e.g. in Calamine)
FERRIC OXIDE
▫ PRECIPITATED CHALK
▫ External: as dentifrice (tooth powder) due to mild abrasive property
▫ Internal: antacid
PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATE
- Treatment of VINCENT’S ANGINA “TRENCH MOUTH”
- Dentifrice
SODIUM PERBORATE
- For STAPHYLOCCOCI INFECTIONS
- Dentifrice
STANNIC OXIDE
prevents formation of dental carries
DENTAL PROPHYLACTIC
tooth abrasives / tooth powders
DENTRIFICE
- Antiseptic at low concentration
- Dental prophylactic – prevents dental carries
SODIUM FLUORIDE / CALCIUM FLUORIDE
- PHARMACEUTICAL AND MEDICAL GASES
- are frequently used to synthesize, sterilize, or insulate processes or products which contribute to human health
- pharmaceutical gases are also inhaled by patients in a technique known as GAS THERAPY
ARTIFICIAL ATMOSPHERES
- used as a PRESSURIZING agent; and ASPHYXIANT (displaces the normal O2 in air)
NITROGEN
- supplement the BREATHING OF PATIENTS
OXYGEN
- its LOW DENSITY makes it easy to RESPIRE
HELIUM
- to stimulate RESPIRATION
CARBON DIOXIDE
- a weak GENERAL ANESTHETIC
NITROUS OXIDE
- as an anesthetic; used for HYPERPOLARIZED MAGENTIC RESONANCE IMAGING
XENON
OXYGEN COLOR IN USA
GREEN
OXYGEN COLOR IN INT.
WHITE
CARBON DIOXIDE COLOR IN USA & INT.
GRAY
NITROUS OXIDE COLOR IN USA & INT.
BLUE
HELIUM COLOR IN USA & INT.
BROWN
NITROGEN COLOR IN USA & INT.
BLACK
AIR COLOR IN USA
YELLOW
AIR COLOR IN INT.
WHITE & BLACK
- used to prevent BUILDUP of CO2 during GENERAL ANESTHESIA when a patient rebreathes air
CARBON DIOXIDE ABSORBERS
Calcium hydroxide + Na/K hydroxides
SODA LIME
Calcium hydroxide + Barium hydroxide
BARIUM HYDROXIDE LIME
- “CARBONIC ACID GAS”
- Oxygen gas mixed with 5% CO2 → treatment of
poisoning by CO, alcohol, methanol, morphine - Carbon dioxide snow (dry ice)
CARBON DIOXIDE
▫ Remedy for skin disorder (e.g. acne, eczema, psoriasis, warts)
CARBON DIOXIDE SNOW (DRY ICE)
- “SAL VOLATILE, PRESTON SALT, HARTSHORN”
- Reflex stimulant
- Expectorant
AMMONIUM CARBONATE
- Gastric stimulant, carminative, antacid
AROMATIC AMMONIA SPIRIT
loosen the mucus
EXPECTORANTS
expectorant
HYDROIODIC ACID SYRUP
- “MURIATE OF AMMONIA, SAL AMMONIAC”
- Expectorant, diuretic
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
- Solubilizing agent in iodine solution
- Histolytic
- Expectorant
SODIUM IODIDE
- RECTAL INJECTION used to evacuate the bowel, influence the general system by absorption or to affect locally the area of disease
ENEMAS
- aqueous solution DIRECTED AGAINST A PART or INTO A BODY CAVITY for cleansing and antiseptic agent
DOUCHE
DOBELL’S SOLUTION
SODIUM BORATE
- irrigation of body cavities, tissues or wounds, indwelling urethral catheters, surgical drainage tubes, and for washing, rinsing, or soaking surgical dressings, instruments and laboratory specimens
SOIUM CHLORIDE IRRIGATION
- used as a URINARY BLADDER IRRIGANT; its acidic pH is conducive to dissolving any bladder calculi in patients such as those using an indwelling catheter
CITRIC ACIS, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SODIUM CARBONATE IRRIGATION
- a radioactive tracer for MEDICAL IMAGING
TECHNETIUM 99
- Radiopaque contrast media
BARIUM SULFATE
▫ Radioactive isotope, anticancer
GOLD-198
- radioactive iodine for THYROID diseases and cancer
IODINE 131
- used as a BONE REPLACEMENT for TEMPORARY BRACES of long bones, and to CLOSE OPENINGS IN THE SKULL
TANTALUM
- as DENTAL CROWNS, bridges, and inlays (gold leaf)
GOLD
- used for DENTAL FILLINGS
MERCURY AMALGAMS OF GOLD AND SILVER
- used for dental fillings zinc
ZINC-EUGENOL CEMENT
- used for TEMPORARY SUPPORT structures, especially for BROKEN BONES
PLASTER OF PARIS
- treatment of CYANIDE and IODINE POISONING
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
- treatment of CYANIDE POISONING
SODIUM NITRITE
- UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
- antidote for THALLIUM POISONING
FERIC FERROCYANIDE
antidote for ARSENIC POISONING
FERRIC HYDROXIDE
- antidote for PHOSPHOROUS POISONING
CUPRIC SULFATE
- involved in the MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL CELLULAR HOMEOSTASIS and in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance and blood pressure
PHYSIOLOGICAL IONS AND ELEMENTS
MAJOR CATIONS
Potassium
Inside (ICF)
Sodium
Outside (ECF)
MAJOR ANIONS
Phosphorous
Inside (ICF)
Chloride
Outside (ECF)
2ND MAJOR ANION IN ECF
BICARBONATE
2ND MAJOR CATIONS
Magnesium
Inside
Calcium
Outside
- REPLENISH the BODY’S WATER and ELECTROLYTE concentrations after DEHYDRATION caused by exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, diaphoresis (heavy sweating), diarrhea, vomiting, intoxication or starvation
ELECTROLYTE REPLENISHERS
- “ROCK SALT, TABLE SALT”
- Electrolyte replenishment
- Renders solutions to be ISOTONIC
▫ Prescription “fiat isotonic collyrium” - Normal saline solution (NSS), 0.9% NaCl
▫ Physiological salt solution
SODIUM CHLORIDE
- diuretic
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
- Urinary acidifier
- Ringer’s Solution
- Lactated Ringer’s Solution
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
▫ Isotonic solution of THREE CHLORIDES
▫ Ca, Na and K chlorides
RINGER’S SOLUTION
▫ Ca, Na and K chlorides + sodium lactate
LACTATED RINGER’S SOLUTION
- used to manage DISORDERS ASOCIATED WITH LOW pH
SYSTEMIC ALKALIZERS
- “BAKING SODA”
- Antacid
▫ Misuse can lead to “rebound acidity” - Urinary alkalizer
SODIUM BICARBONATE
- Antacid, urinary alkalizer
POTASSIUM BICARBONATE
- Diaphoretic – increases sweating
SODIUM CITRATE
- Diuretic, expectorant, laxative
POTASSIUM CITRATE
NORMAL HUMAN PHYSIOLOGICAL pH
7.35 - 7.45
- NEUTRALIZES the ALKALINE BODY FLUID, particularly blood, in patients who are suffering from systemic alkalosis
SYSTEMIC ACIDIFIERS
- sodium dihydrogen phosphate
- monobasic sodium phosphate
- Urinary acidifier
SODIUM BIPHOSPHATE
- essential because they FORM an integral part of one or more enzymes involved in a metabolic or biochemical process (as catalyst)
- BODY CANNOT PRODUCE THEM and must be taken thru DIET
ESSENTIAL AND TRACE ELEMENTS
- CATALYTIC SITE of many of the enzymes and oxygen-transporting proteins (e.g. hemoglobin, transferrin)
IRON
- COFACTOR of many enzymes involved in REDOX REACTIONS (e.g. cytochrome c oxidase)
COPPER
- ENHANCES THE ACTION OF INSULIN and manages blood glucose concentration
- plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of the IMMUNE SYSTEM
ZINC
- ANTIOXIDATN that protects cells from damage due to FREE RADICALS
MANGANESE
- required to POTENTATE INSULIN and for the normal glucose metabolism
CHROMIUM
- MOCO is used by the enzymes to catalyze diverse redox reactions
MOLYBDENUM
- has antioxidant properties and protects against the ACTIONS OF FREE RADICALS and CARCINOGENIC FACTORS
- component of enzyme GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE which works with vitamin E to prevent LIVER NECROSIS
SELENIUM
- an integral part of VITAMIN B12 (cyanocobalamin)
COBALT
- present in all polypeptides, proteins and enzymes that contain CYSTEINE AND METHIONINE amino acids
SULFUR
- an integral component of THYROID HORMONES needed for cellular metabolism (e.g. thyroxin T3 and triiodothyronine T4)
IODINE
- neutralizes stomach acidity which in turn relieves heart burn, indigestion, or stomach upset
GASTRIC ANTACIDS
Antacid with mild laxative effect
- Magnesia magma
▫ “Milk of Magnesia”
▫ A suspension prepared by hydration of MgO
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
▫ “Milk of Magnesia”
▫ A suspension prepared by hydration of MgO
MAGNESIA MAGMA
- “MAGNESIA ALBA”
- Antacid, laxative
- Clarifying or filtering agent in syrups
- Abrasive in tooth powders
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE
- Antacid, laxative
- “Magnesia”
▫ Light – made by heating MgCO3 to dull redness
▫ Heavy – MgSO4 + Na2CO3 → heat
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
- Antacid with adsorbent and protective property
- Emulsifying agent
MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE
- Antacid
MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE
a DEFOAMING agent, antiflatulence
SIMETHICONE
- As gel – antacid, astringent, demulcent
ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE
____ preparations are CONSTIPATIVE
CALCIUM
- highly water soluble
- rapid onset, short duration
- effervescent antacid
- sparkling flavor
SODIUM BICARBONATE
- SYMPTOM and not a disease
- impair digestion and/or absorption
- stimulates peristalsis
- can lead to dehydration
- acute: bacterial toxins, chemical poisons, drugs, allergy, and disease
- chronic: GI surgery, carcinomas, chronic inflammatory conditions, various adsorptive defects
DIARRHEA
use only if with INFECTION
ANTIBACTERIALS
adsorb toxins, bacteria and viruses, offer protective coating of mucosa
ADSORPTIVE / PROTECTIVE
PINK BISMUTH
BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE
protective and adsorbent
- earthly or clay like taste
KAOLIN
- the emptying, cleansing, purging pr evacuation of the bowels
CATHARSIS
- an AGENT that CAUSES CATHARSIS
CATHARTIC OR PURGATIVE
- a CATHARTIC taken to relieve constipation
LAXATIVE
- LOCAL IRRITATION - intestinal secretions and motility
- e.g. bisacodyl, senna
STIMULANT LAXATIVES
- RETAIN FLUID in the stool and increase stool weight and consistency
- e.g. psyllium, dietary fiber, and methylcellulose
BULK-FORMING LAXATIVES
- aid in the PAASAGE OF STOOLS by its lubricating action throughout the intestines
- e.g. mineral oil, glycerin
EMOLLIENT LAXATIVES (LUBRICANTS)
- POORLY ABSORBABLE and draws water into the lumen of the bowl
- e.g. milk of magnesia, lactulose
SALINE (OSMOTIC) LAXATIVES
- monobasic sodium phosphate
- dibasic sodium phosphate
CATHARTIC / SODIUM PHOSPHATE
GLAUBER’S SALT
SODIUM SULFATE
SEIDLITZ POWDERS
COMPOUND EFFERVESCENT POWDERS
CREAM OF TARTAR
POTASSIUM BITARTRATE
ROCHELLE’S SALT / SAL SEIUGNETTE
POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE
CITARTE OF MAGNESIA / PURGATIVE LEMONADE
MAGNESIUM CITRATE
EPSOM SALT / BITTER SALT
MAGNESIUM SULFATE
converts arsenic trioxide to arsenic trichloride
HCl
