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Sectional Anatomy > Mod 3 > Flashcards

Mod 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the neck is reviewed in this module?

A

Pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus, salivary glands, major muscles, cervical lymph nodes and major vessels.

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2
Q

What part of the spine is reviewed in this module?

A

Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx.

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3
Q

Where is the pharynx located?

A

It is situated immediately posteriorly to the mouth and nasal cavity.

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4
Q

What is the cone shaped passage way leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and the larynx?

A

The pharynx

*Then the larynx to the trachea

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5
Q

What are the functions of the pharynx?

A

Respiratory and digestive (deglutition) functions

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6
Q

What is the length of the pharynx?

A

12 cm

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7
Q

The pharynx extends from what to what? And what connects the pharynx to these areas?

A

Base of the skull to the esophagus.

Thick fibers of muscle and connective tissue

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8
Q

What are the three main divisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

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9
Q

The nasopharynx connects to the oropharynx through the ______.

A

Isthmus

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10
Q

Where does the oropharynx begin?

A

Back of the mouth cavity and continues down to the epiglottis.

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11
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Flap of tissue that covers the air passage to the lungs to prevent inhaling food into our esophagus.

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12
Q

What does the isthmus connect?

A

Connects the nasopharynx and the oropharynx.

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13
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx begin and extend to?

A

At the epiglottis to the esophagus.

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14
Q

What is the function of the laryngopharynx?

A

Regulate the passage of air to the lungs and food to the esophagus.

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15
Q

What are the Eustachian tubes?

A

Two small tubes the connect the middle ear to the pharynx. Allows air pressure on the ear drum to be equalized.

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16
Q

What are some medical conditions that can affect the pharynx?

A

Tonsillitis, cancer of the region, paralysis caused by polio, diphtheria, rabies or a nervous system injury such as s stroke

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17
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils found?

A

Oropharynx

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18
Q

What are the pharyngeal tonsils also known as?

A

Adenoids

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19
Q

What are the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils) and where are they located?

A

Mass of lymphoid tissue situated posterior to the nasal cavity in the roof of the nasopharynx where the nose bends to the throat.

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20
Q

What is the soft tissue apparatus that plays a role in articulation?

A

Uvula

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21
Q

What type of sound does the uvula help create?

A

Guttural sound

*not common in English language, but is in Hebrew, Turkish and German.

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22
Q

What are they looking to fill during a barium swallow?

A

Vallecula and pyriform sinus

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23
Q

What cartilage is often called the Adams apple?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the thyroid cartilage?

A

Protect the vocal folds (cords) located directly behind the adams apple and an attachment to several muscles.

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25
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage?

A

Inferior to thyroid cartilage. It is thinner and easier to access with a breathing tube. Highly vascularized with small blood vessels.

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26
Q

The thyroid gland is an _______ gland which helps in producing different ______ that primarily relate to our ______.

A

endocrine; hormones; metabolism

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27
Q

The trachea is made up of “C” shaped cartilage extending from the ______ ______ to the ______.

A

cricoid cartilage; carina

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28
Q

The Carina bifurcates into the right and left _________.

A

bronchus.

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29
Q

The ______ lies posterior to the thyroid cartilage and is sometimes also called the ______ _____.

A

larynx; voice box

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30
Q

Within the larynx there is the vestibular folds that are also called what?

A

False vocal cords

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31
Q

What is the space between the vocal cords?

A

Glottis

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32
Q

Where are the Aryepiglottic folds located?

A

lateral margins of the larynx

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33
Q

Where are the pyriform sinuses located?

A

They are cavities located lateral to aryepiglottic folds.

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34
Q

List the nine pieces of cartilage located in the larynx.

A

Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoids (2), corniculates (2), cuneiforms (2).

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35
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

Posterior to the trachea.

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36
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx divide into the esophagus and the trachea?

A

At the cricoid cartilage

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37
Q

Why is the esophagus sometimes hard to see?

A

Because it is usually collapsed.

38
Q

List the three pairs of salivary glands.

A

Parotid, submandibular (submaxillary) and sublingual

39
Q

What do salivary glands do?

A

Produce and empty saliva into the oral cavity via ducts

40
Q

What does saliva do?

A

Begins the process of digestion

41
Q

Which gland is the largest of the salivary glands?

A

Parotid glands

42
Q

The parotid glands are located _______ and _______ to the ear.

A

anteriorly; inferiorly

43
Q

The parotid gland primarily secretes ______ fluid which contains the digestive enzyme ________.

A

serous; amylase

44
Q

What does the digestive enzyme amylase do?

A

Begins digestion of carbohydrates

45
Q

Where does the mumps occur and what is it?

A

Parotid gland. It is a viral disease that spreads via the saliva and can infect many parts of the body especially the parotid glands.

46
Q

When a person becomes infected with mumps the _____ glands become swollen and painful.

A

parotid

47
Q

When was the mumps vaccine licensed in the U.S.?

A

1967

48
Q

How many cases of mumps were there before there was a vaccine?

A

200,000/ year in the U.S.

49
Q

What demographic of people were typically affected by mumps? Symptoms?

A

Children ages 5-15(?), very rare in adults. Patient would have fever, headache, loss of appetite, swelling.

50
Q

In rare cases someone with mumps could develop what?

A

Encephalitis, meningitis, or orchitis (inflammation of testes) which could lead to sterility.

51
Q

What is the name for the parotid duct?

A

Stensons duct

52
Q

The stensons duct opens into the mouth via the ____ ____.

A

Parotid papilla

53
Q

The submandibular gland is also known as the ______ gland.

A

submaxillary

54
Q

Where are the submandibular glands located?

A

On the floor of the mouth one on each side adjacent to the mandible.

55
Q

What type of cells does the submandibular gland contain?

A

Serous and mucous cells

56
Q

The submandibular gland extends from the __ _____ to the ______.

A

1st molar; gonion (angle of mandible)

57
Q

What is the name of the submandibular (submaxillary) duct?

A

Wharton’s duct

58
Q

Where does the Wharton’s duct open to?

A

Under the tongue each side of the frenulum

59
Q

What does the mucous portion of the saliva do (submandibular glands)?

A

Helps the food be formed into a bolus to aid in swallowing.

60
Q

Which salivary glands are the smallest?

A

Sublingual glands

61
Q

Which salivary gland has many small ducts?

A

Sublingual glands

62
Q

Usually contrast is not injected into a ________ duct unlike the other two salivary gland ducts.

A

sublingual

63
Q

Saliva created by the sublingual gland is emptied into the mouth through ___ to ___ very small ducts near the _______ under the tongue.

A

8; 20; frenulum

64
Q

What is the name of these small ducts in the sublingual glands?

A

Ducts of rivinus

65
Q

What type of cells is primarily in the sublingual gland?

A

Mucous cells

*responsible for helping form the bolus from food.

66
Q

The ducts of Rivinus are associated with _______ duct

A

Bartholin’s

67
Q

List the three neck muscles

A

Masseter, Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

68
Q

The masseter is a muscle of _______.

A

mastication (chewing)

69
Q

Who has big masseter muscles?

A

herbivores

70
Q

What is the sternocleidomastoid muscle referred to as?

A

The prayer muscle because it helps us bow our head down in prayer.

71
Q

What does the trapezius muscle do?

A

Support the weight of our arms, retract the scapula and medial rotation of the scapula which is all important when taking a chest x-ray.

72
Q

The neck contains ____ of the body’s lymph nodes which is about ___ lymph nodes.

A

1/3rd; 75

73
Q

The lymphatic system is an accessory to what?

A

Circulatory system

74
Q

What does low density in areas of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck represent?

A

Tuberculosis

75
Q

Besides TB, why else would enlarged lymph nodes have a low density appearance?

A

Necrotic metastatic lesion

76
Q

List neck vessels

A

Common carotid arteries, vertebral arteries, internal jugular veins, and external jugular veins.

77
Q

What is the most often evaluated vessel?

A

Internal carotid artery, especially for the carotid siphon.

78
Q

Where does the external carotid artery supply?

A

The face, inner table of the gal and meninges (covering of the brain)

79
Q

What is the main vessel that feeds the brain?

A

The internal carotid artery (most often evaluated vessel in cerebral angiography)

80
Q

What is the carotid siphon?

A

Kinks back and forth as it makes its way to the pituitary gland.
*May have an aneurysm.

81
Q

Where does the vertebral artery pass?

A

Transverse processes of the cervical vertebra.

82
Q

What does the transverse atlantal ligament do?

A

Divides the anterior and posterior arch of C1 and helps secure the pivotal motion of the odontoid process.

83
Q

The spinal cord begins at the ______ ______ and extends to _______.

A

medulla oblongata; L1/L2

84
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

Expanded area of the subarachnoid space at level of L1/L2.

85
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A

Extension of spinal nerves beyond the level of L1/L2

86
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Most inferior portion of the cauda equina

87
Q

Why do we rarely look at the thoracic vertebra with contrast?

A

It is not common to have a herniated nucleus pulpusa in this area.
*However there may be a tumor or metastatic case here

88
Q

Where is the ligamentum flava?

A

Bilateral between medial laminae, along the spinous processes

89
Q

Where is the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Along the tips of the spinous processes, occipital bone to C7.

90
Q

Where are the supraspinous ligaments?

A

Along the tips of the spinous processes C7 to sacrum

Sectional Anatomy (6 decks)

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