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Sectional Anatomy > Mod 2 > Flashcards

Mod 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The brain develops where in its embryonic stage?

A

Telecephalon region

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2
Q

The bumps are called _____, and the grooves are called _____, or if they’re especially deep, ________.

A

gyri; sulci; fissures

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3
Q

What is the basal nuclei (ganglia)?

A

Collection of subcortical gray matter meaning it is not in the outer cortex but instead near the midline.

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4
Q

The cerebrum is noteworthy for its ________ _______.

A

convoluted surface

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5
Q

How is CSF different than plasma?

A

The protein content of CSF is about 100 times more than plasma *Both have inorganic ionic compounds

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6
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

Midbrian, Pons and Medulla Oblongata

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7
Q

What level does the common carotid artery bifrucate?

A

At level of the thyroid cartilage

*Plaque happens here at the bulge on internal carotid artery

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8
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A network of blood vessels that contain ependymal cells which are cells that make CSF.

*Ependymomas are malignant lesions that arise from ependymal cells in the Choroid Plexus

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9
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A pair of large oval gray masses

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10
Q

The cerebellum is about an __/__ of the size of the cerebral hemispheres.

A

1/8th

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11
Q

The cerebrum is responsible for higher brain functions such as…

A

Interpretation and reception of nerve impulses, the initiation of voluntary movement, areas of memory, thought processes, logic reasoning, emotional and instinctual responses

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12
Q

CSF exiting the right and left foramen of luschka communicates with what?

A

The cisterna magna

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13
Q

What is primative endoderm?

A

Future lining of organs and vessels.

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14
Q

What is the function of the ventricular system?

A

A pathway for the circulation of the CSF throughout the central nervous system.

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15
Q

The lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle formed by the ___________.

A

thalamus (ganglious system)

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16
Q

The 4 main ventricles (spaces) are…

A

Right and left lateral ventricles (sometimes called 1st and 2nd) which communicate with the 3rd ventricle and the 4th ventricle goes down towards the spinal column.

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17
Q

What is the inner most layer?

A

Pia mater

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18
Q

What does the word dura mater refer to?

A

Strong, durable mother. *Tough outer layer

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19
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the sub-arachnoid space?

A

Provides further protection for the central nervous system

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21
Q

Where is the sub-arachnoid space located?

A

Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.

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22
Q

List the functions of CSF

A

Supports the brain Acts as a lubricant Maintains pressure in the skull Cushions shocks

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23
Q

How does the thalamus connect with most regions of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Via fiber tracts

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24
Q

What is primitive mesoderm?

A

Future muscles, blood vessels, respiratory and GI systems, and bones

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25
Q

CSF is formed at the _____ _____ then flows to the ______ ______ into the 4th ventricle and into the ________ ________ via the cisterns or right and left lateral foramen of _______ and foramen of _______.

A

choroid plexus; cerebral aquaduct; subarachnoid space; luschka; magendi

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26
Q

What are two examples of a human embryo repeating teh evolutionary stages of other species?

A

A human fetus has gill arches like a fish and a tail which is rapidly reabsorbed at about 40 days after conception.

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27
Q

The cerebral cortex is made up of how many neurons? And linked together with how many synaptic connections

A

15 - 33 billion neurons 10,000 synaptic connections

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28
Q

What is located between the right and left lateral ventricles?

A

Septum pellucidum - is a thin, triangular, vertical double membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and right lateral ventricles of the brain. It runs as a sheet from the corpus callosum down to the fornix.

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29
Q

The cerebrum is also sometimes referred to as what?And what is it made up of?

A

Cerebral cortex; Gray matter and neuron cell bodies

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30
Q

Which mater is highly vascularized?

A

pia mater

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31
Q

What sits anterior to the cerebellum?

A

The brain stem

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32
Q

What makes you a unique person?

A

3 lbs of protoplasm mass formed by at least one hundred billion neurons

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33
Q

List circulation of CSF

A
  1. Choroid plexus on floor of lateral ventricle
  2. Foramen of monro
  3. Choroid plexus on roof of 3rd ventricle
  4. Down the aquaduct of sylvius/cerebral aquaduct
  5. From 4th ventricle through foramen of luschka into the quadrigeminal cistern
  6. From the Choroid plexus of 4th ventricle through the foramen of Magendi
  7. From Foramen of Magendi into cerebellomedulary cistern and into subarachnoid space
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34
Q

The thalamus makes up a portion of walls of what ventricle?

A

3rd ventricle

*Connects mid-3rd ventricle via massa intermedia

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35
Q

Are the patterns of the gyri and sulci the same for all?

A

No, the pattern can vary considerably but many features are common to all people.

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36
Q

What are the fifth lobes of the cerebrum and their functions?

A

The insula - mediation of motor and sensory functions of the viscera (the internal organs in the main cavities of the body, especially those in the abdomen, e.g., the intestines)

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37
Q

The adult human brain is believed to have at least ______________ neurons and probably 5 to 10 times as many ________ (supporting) cells.

A

one hundred billion; neuroglial

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38
Q

List the functions of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

A

Reasoning, judgement, emotions, planning, complex action, voluntary muscle control, speech (Broca’s area)

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39
Q

How is the shape of the lenticular nucleus described as?

A

Biconvex lense shape

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40
Q

What is the function of the brain stem?

A

Controlling involuntary muscles (breathing, circulatory needs)

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41
Q

What is the largest portion of the human brain?

A

The cerebrum or cerebral hemispheres

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42
Q

What does hte brain develop from?

A

one half of our entire genome (DNA strand)

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43
Q

What does the pia mater adhere closely to?

A

The contours of the brain

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44
Q

Where do 10 out of 12 cranial nerves originate?

A

Brain stem

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45
Q

What is the purpose of the folds of the dura mater?

A

Separate the structures and provide additional cushioning and support *Falx = folds

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46
Q

What does pons mean?

A

bridge

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47
Q

What is considered the coordination center of motor functions?

A

The cerebellum

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48
Q

At adulthood, the cerebrum takes up __% of the entire brains mass.

A

80%

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49
Q

What does the term arachnida mean?

A

Greek word for spider

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50
Q

What is the name of the fluid that is located in the brain?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid *Surrounds brain and spinal cord

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51
Q

The 4th ventricle would be described as a ______ shaped cavity located anterior to the_________ and and posterior to the ______?

A

diamond; cerebellum; pons

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52
Q

The vertebral artery travels through what?

A

The transverse foramina of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrate

53
Q

What does pia mater refer to?

A

Tender, inner most layer

54
Q

Mater is the latin word for ______.

A

mother

55
Q

Which of the membranes is double layered?

A

The dura mater

56
Q

What is the most complex part of the body in medical imaging and understanding how it works?

A

The brain

57
Q

What is a back up of fluid in the brain called?

A

Hydracephally

58
Q

What is CSF?

A

A weak salt solution that is similar to plasma

59
Q

The medula oblongata is involved in what?

A

Heart rate control, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure

60
Q

How do neurons communicate with synaptic connections?

A

With long fibers called Axons

61
Q

What is the largest of the basal nuclei (ganglia)?

A

Caudate nucleus

62
Q

List the functions of the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.

A

Perceptioin of visiual stimuli

63
Q

What does the Foramen of Magendi allow?

A

The CSF to pass between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space.

64
Q

CSF is a ____ ____ solution.

A

weak salt

65
Q

Name the parts of the lateral ventricles

A
66
Q

The midbrain of the brain stem is divided into what two segments?

A

Cerebral peduncles and the tectum which has superior and inferior colliculi

67
Q

What space is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?

A

Sub-dural space *a patient could have a bleed here and it would be called a sub-dural hematoma

68
Q

How do the 1st and 2nd (right and left) lateral ventricles communicate with each other?

A

Posteriorly into the 3rd ventricle through a right and a left ventricular foramina called the Foramen of Monro

69
Q

The major portion of the ventricular system is composed of __ main cavities called ________.

A

4; ventricles *Located deep in the brain

70
Q

What is it called when the septum pellucidum does not form sufficiently?

A

Cavum septum pellucidum

71
Q

What is found between the layers of the dura mater?

A

Meningial arteries and dural sinuses *these sinuses are venous drainage from the brain to the heart.

72
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

*Falx cerebri

73
Q

Where do the dural sinuses drain to?

A

Great vein of Galen

74
Q

What is the largest, densest bundle of white matter in the cerebrum?

A

Corpus Callosum

75
Q

List the functions of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum.

A

Perception of auditory (Heschl’s & Wernike’s areas), and olfactory stimuli, important to language and memory.

76
Q

What separates the 4th ventricle and the cerebllum?

A

A thin membrane that forms the superior and inferior medullary velum

77
Q

What does cerebellum mean?

A

Little brain

78
Q

What is important to understand about the developoing brain?

A

They thicken and fold inward in the areas of the developing cerebral hemispheres.

79
Q

Which ventricle(s) is/are located most superiorly?

A

The right and left lateral ventricles (1st and 2nd) *located within the cerebral hemispheres

80
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Balance, movement and coordination

81
Q

Where is the sub-arachnoid space?

A

Between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater.

82
Q

What is the Midbrain of the brain stem primarily made of?

A

Massive bundles of nerve fiber tracts

83
Q

What allows the CSF to pass between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space?

A

Foramen of Magendi of the 4th ventricle

84
Q

What is the outermost, tough layer called?

A

Dura mater *strongest membrane surrounding the brain

85
Q

What does the word arachnoid mater refer to?

A

Spider-like, mid layer

86
Q

What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

A band of fibers termed the Corpus Callosum

87
Q

What is the lateral portion of the lentiform nucleus? and medial?

A

Putamen of lentiform nucleus; globus pallidus of the lentiform nucleus.

88
Q

What might be affected if a patient has a stroke or a neoplasm that affects the basal ganglia?

A

They will have problems telling their limbs to move.

89
Q

The dura mater is continuous with the ________.

A

periostium of the cranium

90
Q

What is a notochord?

A

a cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals.

*Becomes our vertebrate

91
Q

What are the three major parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brain Stem

92
Q

What part of the brain is densely packed with motor and sensory nuclei?

A

Brain stem

93
Q

What does the midbrain of the brain stem surround?

A

Aquaduct of Sylvius (cerebral aquaduct)

94
Q

What does the tegmentum of the brain stem do?

A
  • Provides complex motor patterns
  • Involved in respiratory and cardiovascular activity
  • Regulation of consciousness, coordination, balance
  • Conveys pain, temperature
  • Central core is the reticular formation
  • Contains cranial nerve nuclei
95
Q

The vertebral artery turns into the _______ artery at the foramen magnum and then turns into the ______ ______ artery.

A

basal; posterior cerebral artery

96
Q

Why is the surface of the brain convoluted (intricately folded, twisted, or coiled)?

A

Increase surface area without increasing the amount of space it takes up.

97
Q

What region is just below the cerebral cortex of the cerebrum?

A

Subcortical region

98
Q

What is primitive ectoderm?

A

Future skin, hair, nails and the nervous system

99
Q

What layer is very delicate and transparent?

A

Arachnoid layer *The pia mater is very delicate also

100
Q

What do axons do?

A

Axons carry the signal pulses to other parts of the brain or body to control the organ systems of the body (activating muscles, causing secretions, activating rapid and coordinating responses to changes in our environment.

101
Q

Where is the lamina terminalis?

A

The center of the 3rd ventricle where it is pinched together and there is a thin membrane.

102
Q

The right and left superior foramen on the 4th ventricle is called the foramen of ___________ and the inferior foramen is called the foramen of _________.

A

Luschka; Magendi

103
Q

What happens at the outer most portion of the cerebral cortex?

A

Receives sensory input and sends instructions to control bodily movement

104
Q

What is the pressure within the brain referred to as?

A

Cranial pressure

105
Q

What is the midline connection of the cerebellum called?

A

Vermis

106
Q

Define falx cerebri

A

The falx cerebri is a structure inside the human skull that divides the two hemispheres of the brain, also known as the cerebrum. This structure should not be confused with the falx cerebelli, a similar structure that divides the cerebellum. Like other aspects of the cranial anatomy, the falx cerebri is designed to protect and insulate the brain to reduce the risk of injury in response to trauma and infection, while also providing pathways for blood vessels, fluid drainage, and nerves.

107
Q

What does the caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, and claustrum collectively do?

A

Contribute to planning and programming of muscle action and movement.

*Messages get sent back and forth through the ganglia, very important

108
Q

What forms walls of the third ventricle?

A

The thalamus

109
Q

What is the basal neuclei (ganglia) made up of (3)?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Lentiform nucleus
  • Claustrum
110
Q

What does CSF look like in its healthy state?

A

Clear

111
Q

Why do axons appear white?

A

Because of fatty sheath around them

112
Q

The brain is protected by what three membranes (meninges)?

A

The dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

113
Q

Where is the choroid plexus located?

A

In the ventricular system in the superior portion of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles (floor of lateral ventricles), roof of 3rd ventricle, and the 4th ventricle at the bottom half of the cerebellum.

114
Q

The Pons of the brain stem is posterior to the _____ of the ______ bone.

A

Clivus; occipital

115
Q

What is the central portion of the brain stem?

A

Tegmentum

116
Q

Where is the CSF located in the brain? And where is it produced?

A

Between layers of meninges (membranes that enclose the brain) produced in the ventricular system of the brain.

117
Q

What does the thalamus serve as?

A

Relay station to and fro cerebral cortex for sensory stimuli (except olfactory because they are so anterior)

118
Q

What is a cause of raised intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A

Blockage in the drainage pathway of CSF.

119
Q

The subcortical region of the cerebrum is made up of _____ matter. Which is what?

A

white; myelinated axons

120
Q

What is the first step in the development of the central nervous system?

A

The completion of the long cynlindrical structure that is the neural tube and because we are vertebrate we have a notochord in our early development

121
Q

The cerebrum is divided into __ pairs of lobes. List them.

A

5; Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Insula

122
Q

Where does the CSF exit?

A

The posterior wall of the 4th ventricle via the right and left foramen of Luschka and communicates posteriorly into the region of the spinal cord.

123
Q

The 3rd ventricle communicates ________ with the 4th ventricle via the _____ _____.

A

posteriorly; cerebral aquaduct (aquaduct of sylvius)

124
Q

What is the thickness of the outer most portion of the cerebrum?

A

3-5 mm

*It is Gray

125
Q

Most people over the age of ___ will have calcified choroid plexus.

A

40

126
Q
A
127
Q

Where is the CSF circulating around the brain?

A

The sub-arachnoid space

128
Q

What is the aquaduct of sylvius (Cerebral Aquaduct)?

A

A long narrow passageway connecting the 3rd and 4th ventricle.

129
Q

The human brain may only weigh about __ pounds.

A

3

Sectional Anatomy (6 decks)

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