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BIO 189: Fundamentals of BIO > Mod 2: Ch 2&3-Molecules of Life/Cell Structures > Flashcards

Mod 2: Ch 2&3-Molecules of Life/Cell Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the atomic nucleus; defines the element.

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2
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle.

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3
Q

Element

A

A pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons.

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4
Q

Free Radical

A

Atom with an unpaired electron. Most are highly reactive and can damage biological molecules.

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5
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule that carries a net charge.

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6
Q

Isotopes

A

Forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons.

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7
Q

Mass Number

A

Of an isotope, the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.

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8
Q

Neutrons

A

Uncharged subatomic particle that occurs in the atomic nucleus.

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Of an atom; core area occupied by protons and (in most atoms) neutrons. Of a eukaryotic cell; organelle with a double membrane that holds, protects, and controls access to the cell’s DNA.

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10
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged subatomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of all atoms.

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11
Q

Radioactive Decay

A

Process in which atoms of a radioisotope emit energy and subatomic particles when their nucleus spontaneously breaks up.

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12
Q

Radioisotopes

A

An isotopes with an unstable nucleus.

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13
Q

Shell Model

A

Conceptual diagram of electron distribution in an atom.

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14
Q

Tracers

A

A substance that can be traced via its detectable component.

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15
Q

Chemical Bond

A

A strong attractive force between two atoms; links atoms in molecules.

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16
Q

Compound

A

Molecules that has atoms of more than one element.

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17
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Type of chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons.

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18
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge.

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19
Q

Polarity

A

Separation of charge into positive and negative regions.

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

Property in which the molecules of a substance resist separating from one another.

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21
Q

Concentration

A

Amount of solute per unit volume of solution.

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22
Q

Evaporation

A

Transition of liquid to a vapor.

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23
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Attraction between covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking apart in a separate covalent bond.

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24
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Describes a substance that dissolves easily in water.

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25
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Describes a substance that resists dissolving in water.

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26
Q

Salts

A

Ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- when it dissolves in water.

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27
Q

Solutes

A

A dissolved substance.

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28
Q

Solution

A

Uniform mixture of solute completely dissolved in a solvent.

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29
Q

Solvent

A

Liquid in which other substances dissolve.

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30
Q

Temperature

A

Measure of molecular motion.

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31
Q

Acids

A

Substance that releases hydrogen ions in water.

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32
Q

Bases

A

Substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water.

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33
Q

Buffer

A

Set of chemicals that can keep pH of a solution stable by alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH.

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34
Q

pH

A

Measure of the amount of hydrogen ions in a fluid.

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35
Q

Enzymes

A

Organic molecule (protein or RNA) that speeds up a reaction without being changed by it.

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36
Q

Metabolism

A

Collective term for all of the enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in a cell.

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37
Q

Monomers

A

Molecule that is a subunit of polymers.

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38
Q

Organic

A

Describes a compound that consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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39
Q

Polymers

A

Molecule that consists of multiple monomers.

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40
Q

Reactions

A

Process of molecular change.

41
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Saccharide. Molecules that consists primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ration of approximately 1:2:1. Complex types (poly-saccharides such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen) are polymers of monosaccharides.

42
Q

Cellulose

A

Tough, insoluble polysaccharide that is the major structural material in plants.

43
Q

Fat

A

A triglyceride

44
Q

Fatty Acid

A

Lipid that consists of a (hydrophilic) carboxyl group “head” and a (hydrophobic) “tail”.

45
Q

Lipid Bilayer

A

Double layer of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail; structural foundation of all cell membranes.

46
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compound; e.g., a triglyceride, steroid, or wax.

47
Q

Phospholipids

A

Lipid with two (hydrophobic) fatty aid tails and a (hydrophilic) head that contains a phosphate group. Main constituent of eukaryotic cell membranes.

48
Q

Saturated Fat

A

Triglyceride with three saturated fatty acid tails.

49
Q

Steroids

A

A type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails.

50
Q

Triglyceride

A

A lipid with three fatty tails bonded to a glycerol; a fat.

51
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Triglyceride molecule with one or more unsaturated fatty acid tails.

52
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Fatty acid that has at least one double bond between carbons making up its tail.

53
Q

Waxes

A

Firm, water-repellent substances that is a complex, varying mixture of lipids.

54
Q

Amino Acids

A

Small organic compound that is a monomer of protein. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amine group, and one of 20 R groups, all bonded to the same carbon atom.

55
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of protein’s three-dimensional shape.

56
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

A covalent bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Joins amino acids in peptide and polypeptide chains.

57
Q

Peptide

A

Short chains of amino acids.

58
Q

Polypeptides

A

Long chains of amino acids.

59
Q

Prion

A

Infectious protein.

60
Q

Protein

A

Organic molecule that consists of one or more amino acid chains folded into a specific shape.

61
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Nucleotide that consist of an adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate group. Nucleotide monomer of RNA and a coenzyme in many reactions. Important energy carrier.

62
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. Double-stranded nucleic acid that consists nucleotides. Carries hereditary information.

63
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Molecule that consists of one or more strands of nucleotides.

64
Q

Nucleotides

A

Small organic modules with a deoxyribose or ribose sugar, or three phosphate groups (e.g. adenin, guianine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil).

65
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid. Nucleic acid that consists of ribose-containing nucleotides; most types are single-stranded.

66
Q

Cell Theory

A

Theory that all organisms consist of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of life; all cells come from division of preexisting cells; and all cells pass hereditary material (DNA) to offspring.

67
Q

Cytoplasm

A

In the eukaryotic cell, collective term for everything between the cell’s plasma membrane and its nucleus. In a prokaryotic cell, everything enclosed by the plasma membrane.

68
Q

Cytosol

A

Jellylike mixture of water and solutes enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane.

69
Q

Nucleus

A

Of an atom; core area occupied by protons and (in most atoms) neutrons. Of a eukaryotic cell; organelle with a double membrane that holds, protects, and controls access to the cell’s DNA.

70
Q

Organelle

A

Structure that carries out a specialized functions inside a cell.

71
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Membrane that encloses a cell and separates it from the external environment.

72
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelle of protein synthesis. An intact ribosome has two subunits, each composed of rRNA and proteins.

73
Q

Surface-to-Volume Ratio

A

A relationship in which the volume of an object increases with the cube of the diameter, and the surface area increases with the square. Limits cell size.

74
Q

Adhesion Proteins

A

Plasma membrane protein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues. Some types form adhering junctions and tight junctions.

75
Q

Cell Wall

A

Rigid, permeable layer of extracellular matrix that surround the plasma membrane of some cells.

76
Q

Flagella

A

Plural, flagella. Long, slender cellular structure used for movement.

77
Q

Fluid Mosaic

A

Model of a cell membrane as a two-dimensional fluid of mixed composition.

78
Q

Pili

A

Plural, pili. Protein filament that projects from the surface of some prokaryotic cells.

79
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Membrane protein that triggers a chance in cell activity in response to a stimulus such as a hormone binding to it.

80
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Membrane protein that passively or actively helps specific ions or molecules move across that membrane.

81
Q

Biofilm

A

Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of secreted slime.

82
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and photosynthetic protists. Outer membranes enclosed stroma and a highly folded thylakoid membrane.

83
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Membrane-enclosed organelle that consists of a continuous system of sacs and tubes extending from the nuclear envelope. Rough ER makes and modifies proteins; smooth ER makes phospholipids, stores calcium, and has additional functions in some cells.

84
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids, then sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles. Also called Golgi Apparatus.

85
Q

Lysosomes

A

Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down particles such as cellular debris.

86
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double-membraned organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes.

87
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Nuclear pores in the membrane control the entry and exit of large molecules.

88
Q

Vesicles

A

Saclike organelle that stores, transports, or breaks down its contents.

89
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Molecular assembly that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix; e.g., tight junction, adhering junction, or gap junction (of animals).

90
Q

Cilia

A

Singular, cilium, Short, hairlike motile structures that project from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells.

91
Q

Cuticle

A

Secreted covering at a body surface. In plants it is waxy and helps conserve water.

92
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures.

93
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Complex mixture of substances secreted by a cell onto its surface; composition and function vary by cell type.

94
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Stable cytoskeleton element that structurally supports cells and tissues of animals and some protists. Different types are assembled from different fibrous proteins.

95
Q

Microfilaments

A

Cytoskeletal element of eukaryotes that reinforces cell membrane and functions in cell movement. Fiber of actin subunits.

96
Q

Microtubules

A

Cytoskeletal element of eukaryotes that dorms a dynamic scaffolding for many cellular processes involving movement. Hollow filament of tubulin subunits.

97
Q

Motor Protein

A

Type of energy-using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell’s parts or the whole cell.

98
Q

Pseudopods

A

A temporary protrusion from a eukaryotic cell that helps it move or engulf prey.

BIO 189: Fundamentals of BIO (9 decks)

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