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Neuroscience > Mod 13 Higher Function > Flashcards

Mod 13 Higher Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognition?

A

mental processes by which the brain manipulates info

internal = emotional
external = sensory

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2
Q

What do unimodal association cortexes do?

A

they surround each primary sensory area and elaborate messages for that specific modality

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3
Q

What do multimodal association cortexes do?

A

receives info from several unimodal association areas and integrates the cross-modal info

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4
Q

What are the 3 multimodal association cortexes?

A

lateral association (anterior and posterior)
basamodemial (limbic) association

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5
Q

Where is the anterior association area?

A

frontal lobe/anterior parietal

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6
Q

Where is the posterior association area?

A

posterior parietal lobe

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7
Q

Where is the basomedial association cortex?

A

medial: cingulate, frontal, and temporal lobes

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8
Q

What aspects of cognition are housed in the posterior association area of the lateral association cortex?

A
  • spatial recognition
  • facial recognition
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9
Q

What is the most prominent deficit of spatial cognition with damage to the posterior association area?

A

unilateral hemispatial neglect
- bump into things on affected side/neglect to do ADLs on that side (brush teeth, hair, etc)

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10
Q

Where is the affected side in spatial deficits with damage to the posterior association area?

A

contralateral to the lesion

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11
Q

What can damage to the posterior association area do to facial recognition?

A

result in prosopagnosia

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12
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

loss of the ability to recognize faces

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13
Q

Which side of the brain does a stroke need to occur to cause hemi-inattention?

A

right sided stroke because the right side of the brain controls attention for the left side and right, while the left only controls right sided attention

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14
Q

What are tests that you can conduct on a patient if you suspect damage to the posterior association area of the lateral association cortex?

A

have them draw a clock, flower, or house

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15
Q

What happens if someone has prosopagnosia?

A

they are unable t recognize familiar faces or make new facial associations

can identify people by voice, mustache, glasses

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16
Q

What does damage to the anterior association area of the lateral association cortex do?

A

disrupts executive functioning

empathy, reasoning, emotion

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17
Q

What is executive function?

A

aka contingency planning, the capacity to generate behaviors that are appropriate to the circumstances in which they unfold

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18
Q

What is the importance of Phinneas Gage’s case on the anterior association area?

A

illustrates the importance of prefrontal areas as they relate to social cognition (complete change in personality)

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19
Q

How do you assess executive function and damage to the anterior association area of the brain?

A
  • Wisconsin card sorting test
  • stroop test (color test)
  • observation of behavior
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20
Q

What does the basomedial association cortex house when it comes to cognition?

A

emotional processing and performance eval and optimization

problem solving, error recognition, and anticipation

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21
Q

How is basomedial association cortex damage assessed?

A

observation or neuropsych

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22
Q

What role does the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit play?

A

role in cognition

23
Q

What role does the limbic circuit play?

A

role in motivation

24
Q

What is the pathway of the dorsolateral prefrontal circuit?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex > caudate nucleus > Gpi/SNpr > DM of thalamus > DLPFC

25
Q

What is the pathway of the limbic circuit?

A

cingulate gyrus > striatum > ant nucleus thalamus > limbic structures

26
Q

What do basal ganglia loops do?

A

interconnect the basal ganglia and functionally associated cortical areas, go through BG to thalamus and back to same cortical area

27
Q

What is the clinical correlation of Parkinson’s disease on cognition?

A

cognitive deficits occur in early stage PD and some of the dopamine medication can cause pathological compulsions

28
Q

How are Huntington’s disease patients affected in cognition?

A

triad of behavior manifestations
- motor
- cognitive
- memory impairments

can have subcortical dimensia due to loss of striatal neurons

29
Q

What is prospective memory?

A
  • using memory to predict
  • memory of the future
  • memory of what we should do to successfully accomplish a future event based on previous experience
30
Q

What is working memory?

A

ability to hold info in the mind that is needed to complete complex tasks or sequential actions including reasoning and learning

31
Q

How much info and how long do you retain it in working memory?

A

small amount of memory for a short amount of time

32
Q

What is short term memory and long term memory, how are STMs turned into LTMs?

A

STM: short lived period remembered for seconds to minutes

LTM: event can be recalled for a period of days, years, or lifetime

consolidation: STM to LTM that involves the hippocampus so it is increased with sleep

33
Q

What are the two major forms of LTM?

A

declarative (explicit) memory

procedural (implicit) memory

34
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

memory for facts and events
- episodic (autobiographical): events
- semantic (non autobiographical): facts

35
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

memory of procedures and skills (how to do something)

36
Q

What structure is associated with working memory?

A

pre frontal cortex

37
Q

What structures are associated with declarative memory?

A
  • hippocampus
  • nearby cortical areas
  • diencephalon
38
Q

What structures are associated with procedural memory?

A

striatum, motor areas, cerebellum: skills and habits

amygdala: emotional associations

cerebellum: conditioned reflexes

39
Q

What are the 6 important limbic system structures?

A
  • amygdala
  • uncus
  • hippocampus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
  • dentate gyrus
  • cingulate gyrus
40
Q

What is important to remember about emotion and memory?

A

deeply interconnected and overlapping pathways so they are related

41
Q

What did the surgery of Henry Molaison do to his brain and function?

A

removal of ant hippocampus, amygdala, and overlying cortex to resolve seizures

could not consolidate STM to LTM

IQ, procedural memory, and LTM were spared

42
Q

What is language and what is speech?

A

language: use of symbols to communicate ideas and feelings

speech: mechanistic aspects of verbal expression involving articulation

43
Q

What causes deficits to language?

A

cerebral injury

44
Q

What causes speech deficits?

A

injury to cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, or PNS structures

45
Q

What are the neocortical substrates of language?

A
  • association cortex of dominant hemisphere (left)
  • planum temporale (top of temporal lobe)
  • perisylvian language zone (Broca and Wernicke)
  • superior longitudinal fasciculus
46
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

motor, expressive, non-fluent aphasia\
- image to posterior part of inferior frontal gyrus and surrounding cerebrum
- choppy, comprehensive speech

47
Q

What is wernicke’s aphasia?

A

sensory, receptive, posterior, or fluent aphasia
- damage to posterior part of superior temporal gyrus and surrounding cerebrum
- fluent, incomphrensive speech

48
Q

What is global aphasia?

A

aphasia including both Broca and wernicke areas
- lesion destroys nearly all of persylvian language zone
- impairments in both production and comprehension of speech

49
Q

What is prosody?

A

the ability to detect how speech sounds:
- rhythm
- pitch
- intonation
- emphasis
- music of speech

50
Q

Where does prosody centers lie in the brain?

A

non-dominant hemispheres (right)

51
Q

Where does the ability to produce (motor) prosody lie in the brain?

A

right hemisphere homologue for broca’s area
- inferior frontal gyrus

52
Q

Where does the ability to understand (sensory) prosody lie in the brain?

A

right hemisphere homologue for wernicke’s area
- posterior temporoparietal regions

53
Q

How do you evaluate language in clinic?

A

spontaneous speech observation for production, comprehension, and prosody

also look for production and effort

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