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Neuroscience > Cortical Areas > Flashcards

Cortical Areas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the vertically oriented sulci and gyri of the lateral hemispheral surface?

A
  • central sulcus
  • pre central gyrus and sulcus
  • post central sulcus and gyrus
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2
Q

What are the horizontally oriented sulci and gyri of the lateral hemispheral surface of the brain?

A
  • lateral sulcus
  • superior middle and inferior frontal gyri
  • superior and inferior sulci
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3
Q

What are the major sulci and gyri of the temporal lobe of the brain?

A
  • superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri
  • superior and inferior sulci
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4
Q

What are the gyri and sulci you can see on the medial surface of the brain?

A
  • cingulate gyrus and sulcus
  • parahippocampal sulcus
  • calcarine sulcus
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5
Q

Where is the cingulate sulcus and gyrus located?

A

above the corpus callosum

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6
Q

What was the main finding of Brodmann’s research on the brain?

A
  • boundaries between association areas are not discrete
  • brain is a plastic organ
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7
Q

What are the functional areas of the brain?

A
  • primary motor area
  • primary somatosensory area
  • primary auditory cortex
  • primary visual cortex
  • primary vestibular cortex
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8
Q

What are the sensory and motor homunculus?

A

areas of the brain that are associated with different parts of the body, homunculus man

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9
Q

Where is the gustatory cortex located?

A

frontal lobe

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10
Q

Where is the auditory and vestibular cortex located?

A

temporal lobe

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11
Q

Where is the visual cortex located?

A

occipital lobe

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12
Q

What aspect of moving is associated with the frontal area?

A

motor planning and programming

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13
Q

What aspect of movement is associated with the parietal areas?

A

sensory integration tasks used to make voluntary movement

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14
Q

What is associated with the limbic area of the brain?

A

emotion, memory, and drive related behavior

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15
Q

What are the cortexes of the frontal area?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
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16
Q

Which Brodmann area is housed in the primary motor cortex?

A

brodmann area 4

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17
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

pre central gyrus

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18
Q

What is the importance of corticomotoneuronal projections to LMNs in the spinal cord?

A

direct projections, provide direct input

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19
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is house in the premotor cortex?

A

Brodmann area 6 - lateral premotor and supplementary motor area

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20
Q

What is the supplementary motor area?

A

region involved with planning of movement, integration of complex movement sequences

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21
Q

Which areas of the brain are activated in a finger flexion movement?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • somatosensory cortex
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22
Q

Which areas of the brain are activated in sequential finger movements?

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • somatosensory cortex
  • supplementary motor area
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23
Q

Which area of the brain is activated when you mentally rehearse finger movement?

A

supplementary motor area

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24
Q

Which of Brodmann’s area are associated with the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Brodmann area 5 and 7

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25
Q

What are Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 involved with?

A

regulation of goal-directed movement, mainly UE

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26
Q

What is an example of goal directed movement?

A

eyes see a ball flying towards you, integration of sensory info to direct your hand to catch the ball

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27
Q

What are the the cingulate motor areas of the limbic area?

A
  • rostral (front) cingulate motor area; M3
  • caudal (back) cingulate motor area; M4
28
Q

What is the role of the cingulate motor areas?

A

when you are appropriately motivated to complete a task, the CMAs select a set of voluntary movements that are designed to complete the goal of performance

29
Q

Where do cingulospinal projections terminate?

A

intermediate gray, influence LMNs by interneurons

30
Q

Where does the primary motor cortex (M1) receive projections?

A

primary somatosensory cortex, PPC, CMAs and SMA, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

31
Q

What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with?

A

short term memory for action related sensory info

32
Q

Where are the subcortical projections?

A

M1 and premotor cortex connected to cerebellum and basal ganglia

33
Q

What cortexes are associated with motivation , the decision to act, and learning?

A
  • M1 (primary motor), M2 (premotor), M3 and M4 (cingulate)
34
Q

What cortexes are associated with motor planning and programming?

A

M1 (primary motor), M2 (premotor), basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus

35
Q

What cortex and area is associated with movement execution?

A

M1 (primary motor) and efferent copy to cerebellum

36
Q

What cortex and area is associated with motor automatization?

A

cortical and subcortical areas of the basal ganglia cerebellum

37
Q

What is required to perform independent finger movements?

A

direct and precise corticomotoneuronal activation from primary motor cortex

38
Q

What part of the brain coordinates precision grasp?

A
  • mediated by primary motor cortex
  • individual corticomotoneuronal projections
39
Q

What part of the brain coordinates power grasp?

A

mediated by non-CM projections (outside M1)

40
Q

When directed to perform a gesture what is the direction of information that is sent through the brain?

A

primary auditory cortex > wernicke’s area > posterior parietal cortex > premotor cortex > primary motor cortex

41
Q

When it comes to coordinating gait movements, what is important to remember?

A

gait requires activation of many different areas of the brain, if one area is damaged, it can have major impacts on gait pattern

42
Q

What are the gait characteristics of cerebellar gait (ataxic gait)?

A
  • wide base
  • erratic weight shift
  • irregular cadence
  • unsteady
  • staggering
43
Q

What is the location of the lesion site in cerebellar gait?

A

midline and paravermal cerebellum

44
Q

What are the gait characteristics of sensory ataxic gait (tabetic gait)?

A
  • wide base
  • high stepping movement
  • irregular steps
45
Q

What is the location the lesion site of sensory ataxic gait?

A

somatosensory fibers associated with kinesthesia, posterior columns, medial lemniscus

46
Q

What is the interpretation of sensory ataxic gait?

A

unable to sense where lower limbs are in space due to deficit in proprioception

47
Q

What are the gait characteristics of spastic gait (hemiplegic/plegic gait)?

A
  • stiff legs
  • slow cadence
  • decreased swing
  • stiff arm
48
Q

What is the location of lesion site in spastic gait?

A
  • unilateral and bilateral damage to cortical motor system or CST
49
Q

What the interpretation of spastic gait?

A

unable to fractionate movement

50
Q

What are the gait characteristics of parkinsonian gait (festinating gait)?

A
  • forward lean
  • narrow base
  • slow cadence
  • takes many steps in turning
51
Q

What is the location of lesion site in parkinsonian gait?

A

substantia nigra

52
Q

What is the interpretation of parkinsonian gait?

A
  • forward lean due to rigidity
  • slowness due to bradykinesia
53
Q

What are the gait characterstics of dyskinetic gait (dystonic gait)?

A
  • continuous involuntary movement
  • flinging movement of arms and legs
54
Q

What is the location of lesion site in dyskinetic gait?

A

striatum
subthalamic nucleus
other basal ganglia components

55
Q

What are the interpretations of dyskinetic gait?

A

inappropriate movement caused by inappropriate disinhibition

56
Q

What are the gait characteristics of vertiginous gait (toppling gait)?

A
  • wide base
  • slow short steps
  • tottering and falling
57
Q

What is the location of lesion site in vertiginous gait?

A
  • semicircular canals
  • vestibular nerve
  • vestibular nuclei
58
Q

What is the interpretation of vertiginous gait?

A
  • less effective sense of balance due to somatosensory, visual, and vestibular inputs not working together
59
Q

What are the gait characteristics of the frontal gait (apraxia of gait)?

A
  • wide base
  • slow, shuffling, short steps
  • feet appear to be stuck to ground
60
Q

What is the location of lesion site in frontal gait?

A
  • frontal lobes and/or subcortical white matter
61
Q

What is the interpretation of frontal gait?

A

ineffective motor planning associated with frontal lobe damage

62
Q

What is apraxia?

A

inability to perform particular purposive actions as results of brain damage

63
Q

What is ideational apraxia?

A

loss of knowledge about actions and functions of objects/tools

can’t sequence actions

left parieto-occipital junction lesion, dementia and Alzheimer patients

64
Q

What is ideomotor apraxia?

A

cannot translate idea of action to voluntary movement of action

left posterior parietal cortex lesion

65
Q

What is kinetic apraxia?

A
  • loss of hand and finger dexterity not due to paresis, ataxia, or sensory loss

lesion in premotor and parietal cortex

66
Q

What is oral apraxia?

A

cannot execute facial movements on command

broca’s area lesion

67
Q

What is important about apraxia and aphasia(loss of speech and language)?

A

often coexist, due to anatomical proximity of neural networks in left, dominant hemisphere

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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