Cortical Areas Flashcards
What are the vertically oriented sulci and gyri of the lateral hemispheral surface?
- central sulcus
- pre central gyrus and sulcus
- post central sulcus and gyrus
What are the horizontally oriented sulci and gyri of the lateral hemispheral surface of the brain?
- lateral sulcus
- superior middle and inferior frontal gyri
- superior and inferior sulci
What are the major sulci and gyri of the temporal lobe of the brain?
- superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri
- superior and inferior sulci
What are the gyri and sulci you can see on the medial surface of the brain?
- cingulate gyrus and sulcus
- parahippocampal sulcus
- calcarine sulcus
Where is the cingulate sulcus and gyrus located?
above the corpus callosum
What was the main finding of Brodmann’s research on the brain?
- boundaries between association areas are not discrete
- brain is a plastic organ
What are the functional areas of the brain?
- primary motor area
- primary somatosensory area
- primary auditory cortex
- primary visual cortex
- primary vestibular cortex
What are the sensory and motor homunculus?
areas of the brain that are associated with different parts of the body, homunculus man
Where is the gustatory cortex located?
frontal lobe
Where is the auditory and vestibular cortex located?
temporal lobe
Where is the visual cortex located?
occipital lobe
What aspect of moving is associated with the frontal area?
motor planning and programming
What aspect of movement is associated with the parietal areas?
sensory integration tasks used to make voluntary movement
What is associated with the limbic area of the brain?
emotion, memory, and drive related behavior
What are the cortexes of the frontal area?
- primary motor cortex
- premotor cortex
Which Brodmann area is housed in the primary motor cortex?
brodmann area 4
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
pre central gyrus
What is the importance of corticomotoneuronal projections to LMNs in the spinal cord?
direct projections, provide direct input
Which Brodmann’s area is house in the premotor cortex?
Brodmann area 6 - lateral premotor and supplementary motor area
What is the supplementary motor area?
region involved with planning of movement, integration of complex movement sequences
Which areas of the brain are activated in a finger flexion movement?
- primary motor cortex
- somatosensory cortex
Which areas of the brain are activated in sequential finger movements?
- primary motor cortex
- somatosensory cortex
- supplementary motor area
Which area of the brain is activated when you mentally rehearse finger movement?
supplementary motor area
Which of Brodmann’s area are associated with the posterior parietal cortex?
Brodmann area 5 and 7
What are Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7 involved with?
regulation of goal-directed movement, mainly UE
What is an example of goal directed movement?
eyes see a ball flying towards you, integration of sensory info to direct your hand to catch the ball
What are the the cingulate motor areas of the limbic area?
- rostral (front) cingulate motor area; M3
- caudal (back) cingulate motor area; M4
What is the role of the cingulate motor areas?
when you are appropriately motivated to complete a task, the CMAs select a set of voluntary movements that are designed to complete the goal of performance
Where do cingulospinal projections terminate?
intermediate gray, influence LMNs by interneurons
Where does the primary motor cortex (M1) receive projections?
primary somatosensory cortex, PPC, CMAs and SMA, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with?
short term memory for action related sensory info
Where are the subcortical projections?
M1 and premotor cortex connected to cerebellum and basal ganglia
What cortexes are associated with motivation , the decision to act, and learning?
- M1 (primary motor), M2 (premotor), M3 and M4 (cingulate)
What cortexes are associated with motor planning and programming?
M1 (primary motor), M2 (premotor), basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus
What cortex and area is associated with movement execution?
M1 (primary motor) and efferent copy to cerebellum
What cortex and area is associated with motor automatization?
cortical and subcortical areas of the basal ganglia cerebellum
What is required to perform independent finger movements?
direct and precise corticomotoneuronal activation from primary motor cortex
What part of the brain coordinates precision grasp?
- mediated by primary motor cortex
- individual corticomotoneuronal projections
What part of the brain coordinates power grasp?
mediated by non-CM projections (outside M1)
When directed to perform a gesture what is the direction of information that is sent through the brain?
primary auditory cortex > wernicke’s area > posterior parietal cortex > premotor cortex > primary motor cortex
When it comes to coordinating gait movements, what is important to remember?
gait requires activation of many different areas of the brain, if one area is damaged, it can have major impacts on gait pattern
What are the gait characteristics of cerebellar gait (ataxic gait)?
- wide base
- erratic weight shift
- irregular cadence
- unsteady
- staggering
What is the location of the lesion site in cerebellar gait?
midline and paravermal cerebellum
What are the gait characteristics of sensory ataxic gait (tabetic gait)?
- wide base
- high stepping movement
- irregular steps
What is the location the lesion site of sensory ataxic gait?
somatosensory fibers associated with kinesthesia, posterior columns, medial lemniscus
What is the interpretation of sensory ataxic gait?
unable to sense where lower limbs are in space due to deficit in proprioception
What are the gait characteristics of spastic gait (hemiplegic/plegic gait)?
- stiff legs
- slow cadence
- decreased swing
- stiff arm
What is the location of lesion site in spastic gait?
- unilateral and bilateral damage to cortical motor system or CST
What the interpretation of spastic gait?
unable to fractionate movement
What are the gait characteristics of parkinsonian gait (festinating gait)?
- forward lean
- narrow base
- slow cadence
- takes many steps in turning
What is the location of lesion site in parkinsonian gait?
substantia nigra
What is the interpretation of parkinsonian gait?
- forward lean due to rigidity
- slowness due to bradykinesia
What are the gait characterstics of dyskinetic gait (dystonic gait)?
- continuous involuntary movement
- flinging movement of arms and legs
What is the location of lesion site in dyskinetic gait?
striatum
subthalamic nucleus
other basal ganglia components
What are the interpretations of dyskinetic gait?
inappropriate movement caused by inappropriate disinhibition
What are the gait characteristics of vertiginous gait (toppling gait)?
- wide base
- slow short steps
- tottering and falling
What is the location of lesion site in vertiginous gait?
- semicircular canals
- vestibular nerve
- vestibular nuclei
What is the interpretation of vertiginous gait?
- less effective sense of balance due to somatosensory, visual, and vestibular inputs not working together
What are the gait characteristics of the frontal gait (apraxia of gait)?
- wide base
- slow, shuffling, short steps
- feet appear to be stuck to ground
What is the location of lesion site in frontal gait?
- frontal lobes and/or subcortical white matter
What is the interpretation of frontal gait?
ineffective motor planning associated with frontal lobe damage
What is apraxia?
inability to perform particular purposive actions as results of brain damage
What is ideational apraxia?
loss of knowledge about actions and functions of objects/tools
can’t sequence actions
left parieto-occipital junction lesion, dementia and Alzheimer patients
What is ideomotor apraxia?
cannot translate idea of action to voluntary movement of action
left posterior parietal cortex lesion
What is kinetic apraxia?
- loss of hand and finger dexterity not due to paresis, ataxia, or sensory loss
lesion in premotor and parietal cortex
What is oral apraxia?
cannot execute facial movements on command
broca’s area lesion
What is important about apraxia and aphasia(loss of speech and language)?
often coexist, due to anatomical proximity of neural networks in left, dominant hemisphere
