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Neuroscience > Mod 12 Hearing and Vestibular System > Flashcards

Mod 12 Hearing and Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main hearing organ of the ear?

A

cochlea

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2
Q

What are the names of the fluid in the ear and their locations?

A

perilymph: surrounds membranous labyrinth

endolymph: fluid inside membranous labyrinth

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3
Q

What is the function of a hair cell in the ear?

A

will fire if stimulus is strong enough

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4
Q

What are the names of the hair cells and what does the direction of their movement indicate?

A

kinocilium: tallest hair cell
stereocilium: rest of the hair cells

towards kinocilium: excitation, depolarize
towards stereocilium: inhibition, hyperpolarize

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5
Q

What structures make up the otoliths?

A
  • utricular macula
  • saccular macula
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6
Q

What in the semicircular canals detect angular acceleration?

A

crista ampularis

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7
Q

What direction do the utricular macula detect?

A

movement in horizontal plane

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8
Q

What direction do saccular macula detect?

A

vertical orientation

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9
Q

What direction do the semicircular canals detect?

A

detect any rotational/angular movements

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10
Q

When the semicircular canals are detecting angular movement, what happens on both sides?

A

one side is excited while the other is inhibited

head to right, right excited, left inhibited

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11
Q

What makes up the peripheral apparatus of the ear?

A

outer, middle, inner ear

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12
Q

What makes up the central apparatus of the ear?

A

brainstem, nuclei, pathways, and cortical areas

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13
Q

What are the structures of the outer ear?

A
  • pinna or auricle
  • external auditory meatus
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14
Q

What does the external auditory meatus do?

A

conducts sound to tympanic membrane

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15
Q

What makes up the middle ear?

A
  • air filled space
  • tympanic membrane
  • oval window
  • ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
  • round window
  • tensor tympani and stapedius
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16
Q

What makes up the inner ear?

A

labyrinth
- cochlea
- cochlear duct
- bipolar primary afferents with cell bodies in the spiral ganglion

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17
Q

How much sound is transmitted in by the inner hair cells?

A

95% of sound

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18
Q

Which part of the cochlea detects high and low frequencies?

A

high: base
low: apex

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19
Q

What is the function of outer hair cells?

A

function to influence transduction process in inner hair cells

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20
Q

How does efferent signal to the tectorial membrane influence hearing?

A

change position of tectorial membrane to make hair cells work better and makes it easier for them to fire (cochlear amplification)

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21
Q

Where do primary afferents of the hearing system reside and do they go?

A

reside in spiral ganglion, receive input from hair cells, central processes enter the brainstem at the caudal pons

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22
Q

Where do second order neurons of the hearing system reside?

A

cell bodies located in cochlear nuclear complex of pontomedullary junction

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23
Q

What is the principal ascending auditory pathway and where do most fibers terminate?

A

lateral lemniscus

terminate at inferior colliculus

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24
Q

Where do third order neurons go in the auditory pathway?

A

projections from the inferior colliculus and some form the lateral lemniscus form the brachium of the inferior colliculus and project to the thalamus

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25
Q

Where are 4th order neuron cell bodies located and where do they project?

A

medial geniculate body of thalamus an project as auditory radiation to primary auditory cortex

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26
Q

What do unilateral brainstem lesions do to hearing?

A

still allow for sound to reach both hemispheres

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27
Q

What do auditory reflexes do?

A

change sound transmission through the middle ear

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28
Q

What is the purpose of auditory reflexes?

A

protect the hearing organ and inner ear by a reaction from the stapedius to loud sounds

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29
Q

What is air conduction?

A

transmission of sound through outer, middle, and inner ears

30
Q

What is bone conduction?

A

transmission of sound through just the inner ear and neural pathways

31
Q

Which is normally greater, air or bone conduction?

A

air conduction

32
Q

What is the Rinne test?

A

hearing test assessing ability to hear a vibrating tuning fork by bone and air conduction

33
Q

What is the Weber test?

A

assesses ability to hear vibrating tuning fork equally in both ears

34
Q

What is an audiogram?

A

graphic record that charts thresholds of hearing for various frequencies

35
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

occurs with lesions of outer and middle ear
- otitis media
- otosclerosis
- built up ear wax

36
Q

What is sensorineuronal hearing loss?

A

occurs with lesions of the inner ear or cochlear nerve
- trauma
- anoxia
- infection
- tumor
- inner ear stroke

37
Q

What are the three key function of the vestibular system?

A
  1. motion detection
  2. maintenance of balance/equilibrium
  3. gaze stability
38
Q

What is presbyacusis?

A

age related changes such as a decreased elasticity of the basilar membrane

39
Q

What are the three semicircular canals of the ear?

A

horizontal, anterior, posterior

40
Q

What does the movement of endolymph in canals do to hair cells?

A

deflects hair cells

41
Q

Where do primary afferents of the vestibular pathway reside and where do they terminate?

A

reside in vestibular ganglia, or ganglia of scarpa
- receive input from hair cells and enter caudal pons

terminate in vestibular nuclei or cerebellum

42
Q

What are the four pairs of nuclei that make up the vestibular nuclear complex and where is it located?

A
  • superior, lateral, medial, inferior (spinal or descending) vestibular nuclei

in lateral pontomedullar junction

43
Q

Why are projections of the vestibular system to the cerebral cortex less robust than the auditory system?

A

because balance is subconscious

44
Q

What is the role of the lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST)?

A
  • excitatory to ipsilateral spinal cord nuclei
  • facilitates and maintains extensor tone in limbs and trunk
45
Q

What is the role of the medial vestbulospinal tract (MVST)?

A
  • descend to cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord
  • stabilizes and regulates head movements for fixation of gaze
46
Q

What is the vestibuloocular-MLF reflex?

A

keeping the head stable during body movement (chicken head)

47
Q

How is the regulation of extra ocular muscle contraction regulated by vestibular systems?

A

projections from superior and medial vestibular nuclei project to nuclei of CN III, IV, VI

48
Q

If you rotate your head to the left which extra ocular muscles are activated and inhibited when keeping your gaze straight?

A

left medial rectus activates
right lateral rectus activates
opposites are inhibited

49
Q

What is the pathway of the vestibule-ocular reflex?

A

scarpa’s ganglion > vestbular nuclei > oculomotor nuclei in brainstem (CN III, IV, VI)

produce compensatory eye movement in plane of stimulated canal

inhibit antagonists

50
Q

What is vestibular nystagmus?

A

involuntary, rhythmic deviations of the eyes consisting of slow phase in one direction and fast phase in the other

51
Q

How is nystagmus named?

A

always named for fast phase of movement

52
Q

How is vestibular nystagmus induced?

A

by deflection of the capula when rotation starts or stops after adaptation has occurred

53
Q

What is caloric testing?

A
  • method to elicit nystagmus by irrigating th external auditory meatus with warm or cold air/water
54
Q

What does irrigation during caloric testing do?

A

causes current in endolymph that activates hair cells

55
Q

What is an example of nystagmus naming?

A

cold opposite, warm same (COWS)

56
Q

What is optokinetic nystagmus and how can it be elicited in clinic?

A

moving stimuli can elicit reflexive eye movement in patterns of quick saccades

elicited clinically with rotating drum containing vertical stripes

57
Q

What is a cardinal sign of vestibular dysfunction?

A

vertigo

58
Q

What are some autonomic signs of vestibular dysfunction?

A

nausea, vomiting, pallor, perspiration, blood pressure drop, tachycardia

59
Q

What is affected in peripheral vestibular disease?

A

pathology of labyrinth or vestibular nerve

60
Q

What is affected in central vestibular disease?

A

pathology of vestibular nuclei, their projections, or central sites of termination

61
Q

What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?

A

common cause of vertigo due to macular debris being displaced into semicircular canal (posterior most often affected)

62
Q

When do symptoms occur with BPPV?

A

rapid changes in head position

63
Q

How is BPPV diagnosed?

A

dix-hallpike test (anterior and posterior canals) or supine roll test (horizontal canals)

64
Q

How is BPPV treated?

A

treated with series of specific head movements called carnality repositioning maneuvers (CRM)

65
Q

What is vestibular neuritis?

A

unilateral peripheral vestibular disorder due to inflammation of vestibular nerve

absent or diminished response to caloric testing of horizontal canal on affected side

66
Q

what would you expect if someone has vestibular neuritis?

A

expect positive head impulse test toward side of the lesion

67
Q

What are the symptoms of vestibular neuritis?

A

nausea and vomiting which resolve in a few days

68
Q

What is Ménière’s disease?

A

episodic syndrome that affects hearing and equilibrium

69
Q

What are the symptoms of Ménière’s disease?

A

abrupt attacks and sensorineuronal hearing loss, tinnitus, aural fullness, nausea, and vomiting

70
Q

What are the central causes of vertigo, nystagmus, and disequilibrium?

A

ischemic stroke of brainstem or inner ear

cerebellar lesions may directly or indirectly apply pressure on brainstem and vestibular nuclei

Neuroscience (15 decks)

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