MOCKS: How accurate is it to say that it was mainly the role of Italians themselves that shaped Italian unification in the years 1858-70? (2022) Flashcards
What are the 2 agreeing points?
Cavour
VE11
What are the 2 disagreeing points?
The French
Other nations: Austria, Prussia, Britain.
What did Cavour do in 1857 for government stability?
Sacked Ratazzi.
How did Cavour streamline government?
Made himself PM, foreign minister, and finance minister.
La Marmora reformed army, and got financial administrative reforms.
Provide a famous example of infrastructure Cavour built.
1855
1st steam ship.
“The Sicilia”
By the end of the 1850s, how much railway did Piedmont have?
819km, 1/3 of all Italian railway.
Who did Cavour make trade agreements with?
Britain, France, and Belgium.
When was the Pact of Plombieres? How did Cavour have a role?
21st July 1858.
Cavour negotiated with Napoleon 111 for French military intervention in return for Nice and Savoy.
Where did Cavour encourage revolts?
Central Duchies.
How much money did the French invest into Italian railways?
280 million franks.
Which 2 Frenchmen invested in Italian projects? Example?
Laffite and Rothschild, encouraged by Napoleon.
E.g., 1857 Mount Cennis Tunnel.
When and how was the Orsini bomb plot significant in French involvement?
1858
Napoleon used it as an excuse to get involved with Italy.
How was Napoleon involved in the Pact of Plombieres?
Napoleon provided 200k troops for war against Austria.
How did France play a key military role in 1859?
Won Magenta and Solferino.
21k Austrian casualties, only 17k allied.
How did the French bring an end to the 1859 war?
With the Treaty of Villafranca.
BUT… left Venetia in Austrian hands.
In 1859, what did Napoleon allow Cavour to do?
Allowed Cavour to invade the Papal States.
This facilitated the annexation of central Italy.
What significant powers did VE11 retain?
Law by decree, army and foreign policy.
Mainly delegated this responsibility to Cavour.
When and what was the September Convention?
1864
VE11 negotiated with Napoleon and agreed French to leave Rome if the Capital was changed from Turin to Florence.
How did VE11 play a diplomatic role in the Pact of Plombieres?
His daughter Clotilde married Jerome Bonaparte.
VE11 supported and endorsed the pact.
When and what speech did VE11 deliver? Impact?
January 1859
Grido di Delore speech.
Inspired nationalists, provoke the 1859 war.
May have been written by Napoleon…
How did plebiscites show VE11 was a figurehead?
People voted for the annexation to the ‘constitutional monarchy of VE11’.
When and where did Garibaldi hand over the south to VE11?
22nd August 1860
Teano.
Who never recognised VE11 as king of Italy?
The Papacy.
What did VE11 takeover after Cavour’s death?
Foreign policy.
VE11 controlled the armies in the 1866 war. Results?
Defeated at Custoza and Lissa despite outnumbering Austrian forces.
What did VE11 do in 1870?
Entered Rome, set up a residence in the Quirinal Palace.
Marked the capital.
When and what happened to Austria in the Battle of Solferino?
1859
21k Austrian causalities compared to only 17k allied.
What war did Austria beat Italy in? Impacts?
1866 at Custoza and Lissa.
Small setback for Italy but highlighted challenges.
When did Prussia beat Austria? Why was this good for Italy?
1866 Battle of Koniggratz
Italy relied on Prussia’s victory, weakened Austria.
Led to Austro-Prussian peace treaty which gave France Venetia.
France gave Venetia to Italy in the 1866 Treaty of Vienna.
When and what was the Treaty of Vienna?
1866
France gave Italy Venetia.
How did Britain’s non-intervention policy help unification?
Allowed the success of Garibaldi’s 1860 expedition of ‘The Thousand’ which led to the geographical unification of the south.
