Mocks Flashcards
1.1 concept and uses of classification systems organisms
Organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share
1.1 - define species
Species as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
1.1 - describe binomial system
Binomial naming system in which the specific name of an organism is made up of two parts, showing the Genesis (first part) and species (second part)
1.1 classification system
Traditional classification was based on morphology and anatomy
Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships
Movement MRS GREN
Are required to get around and find nutrients, potential mates etc
Respiration
Required to turn energy stored in chemicals + oxygen into a form of energy we can use
Sensitivity
Required to able to respond to the environment
Growth
Required to increase size or replaced damaged cells (through cell division)
Reproduction
Required to produce offspring
Excretion
Required to get rid of waste products from respiration
Nutrition
Required to absorb the chemicals necessary for life
1.3 the classification system - five kingdoms - living things - plants
Plants:
- multicellular
- eukaryotic cells
- cell wall made of cellulose
- autotrophs
1.3 the classification system - five kingdoms - living things - animals
- Multicellular
- eukaryotic cells
- no cell wall
- heterotrophs
1.3 the classification system - five kingdoms - living things - fungi
- multicellular
- eukaryotic cells
- cell wall made from chitin
- heterotrophs
1.3 the classification system - five kingdoms - living things - bacteria (prokaryotes)
- unicellular
- prokaryotic cells
- cell wall made of chitin
1.3 the classification system - five kingdoms - living things - protoctists
- unicellular
- eukaryotic cells
Heterotrophs or autotrophs
1.3 classifying vertebrates - mammals
Body covering - hairy or furry skin
How it breathes - lungs
Where it lives - mostly on land
How offspring are produced - most young born alive
1.3 classifying vertebrates - Birds
- feathers
- breathes with lungs
- live on land
- lay eggs
1.3 classifying vertebrates - Reptiles
- Tough skin with scales
- breathes with lungs
- mostly live on land
- lay eggs
1.3 classifying vertebrates - Amphibians
- soft and moist skin (no scales)
- breathe through lungs and skin
- live in land and water
- lay eggs (in water)
1.3 classifying vertebrates - Fish
- scales
- breathes through gills
- live and lay eggs in water
Define arthropods
Arthropods belong to the animal kingdom they have joint legs, a segmented body and a hard exoskeleton made of chitin
1.3 - arthropods - insects
- have 3 body sections
- 6 legs
1.3 - arthropods - Arachnids
- 2 body sections
- 8 legs
1.3 - arthropods - Crustaceans
- have two body sections
- at least 10 legs
1.3 - arthropods - Myriapods
- body consists of many segments
- lots of legs
Plant classification - ferns
Ferns - They have proper roots and stems, and leaf-like fronds. The leaves are not covered in a waterproof, waxy cuticle layer and so they dry out easily and are generally found in damp places. They do have a
vascular system. They reproduce using spores.
Plant classification - flowering plants
Flowering plants - They have vascular tissues. They have proper roots and stems and have flowers. Their leaves are large and flat and have a waxy cuticle. They reproduce using seeds found in fruits.
Monocots
- one cotyledon
- veins usually parallel
- Vascular bundles usually complexly arranged
- fibrous root system
- floral parts usually in multiples of three
Dicots
- two cotyledons
- veins usually netlike
- vascular bundles usually arranged in ring
- taproot usually present
- floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5
Nucleus
- Control centre of the cell
- contains the genetic code of the cell in the form of dna
- the nucleolus produces ribosomal RNA
Plasma membrane
- keeps the internal and external environment separated
Mitochondria
- site of cellular respiration
Chloroplast- plants only
- site of photosynthesis
Cell wall - plants only
- helps to maintain cell structure and provide support for the cell
Vacuole
- plant cells have large, central vacuole
- animals cells have very small or absent vacuoles
- important for storage of compounds
- maintains turgid (plumpness)
Lysosomes
- sacs containing enzymes that can break down parts of the cell
Ribosomes
- site of protein synthesis- make protein
Endoplasmic reticulum ER
Smooth er - no ribosomes, makes lipids (fats)
Rough er - has ribosomes, makes secretory proteins
Cytoplasm
Made up of 2 parts - organelles and cytosol
Ciliated cells
- Found in lungs
- Cilia is a special organelle that helps to move mucus through airways
Root hair cell
- found on the surface of roots
- finger like projections stick out from cell to increase surface area
- higher SA - faster osmosis and diffusion of minerals in to the plant
Palisade mesophyll cell
- found in top section of leaves
- contain loads of chloroplast
- most chloroplast = higher potential rate of photosynthesis
- thin cell wall to allow light through
- vacuole pushes chloroplasts to the edge of cell for more light exposure
Neurons
Sending signals between nerve signals is relatively slow
- neurons are long to make nerve signaling faster
Red blood cells
- Carries oxygen in the blood
- Biconcave shape – increases
the surface area, therefore
increasing the rate oxygen can
diffuse in to them and allows
them to fit through small
capillaries - Contains lots of hemoglobin– a
protein that binds oxygen - No organelles to make space
for more hemoglobin
Sperm cell
- Sperm cell has a flagella to swim from the vagina to fallopian tube
- Sperm head shape optimised for penetrating egg
Cells tissue organs and organ systems
- A group of cells with a similar structure and function is called a tissue
- A group of different tissues with related functions are called an organ
- A group of organs with related functions are called an organ system
1mm (millimeters) = 1000µm
Calculating magnification
Object size = image size / magnification
Image size = object size x magnification
Magnification = image size / object size
Diffusion
Diffusion as the net movement of particles from a region of the higher concentration to a region of the lower concentration requiring no energy to do so
Factors that affect rate of diffusion - concentration gradient
Concentration gradient - the larger the concentration gradient the faster the rate of diffusion
Factors that affect rate of diffusion temperature
More energy associated with the particle at high temperature means faster rate of diffusion
Factors that affect rate of diffusion surface area
The large of the surface area in contact between the two regions the faster rate of the diffusion
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion distance
The large distance the longer time to diffuse
Why is diffusion important?
- Getting raw materials for respiration or photosynthesis
- Removing waste products
- importing or exporting products e.g hormones and protein
Define osmosis
Osmosis as the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane
Solutes
- solutes are substances that can be dissolved in the solvent (usually water)
- Solute + solvent = solution
Osmosis - turgor pressure
- turgor pressure is the press within cells
- more water inside the cell = higher turgor pressure
- turgor pressure is important so that plants stay upright and have exposure to sunlight
Hypertonic
A hypertonic solution is one that has a higher solute concentration than the cell
Hypotonic
A hypotonic solution is one that has a lower solute concentration than the cell
Isotonic
Solution has an equal concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell
Plant cells in a hypertonic solution
When a plant cell is placed into a hypertonic solution, there is a net movement of water out of the cell causing reduction in turgor pressure and the cell membrane to peel back from the cell wall. This is also known as the cell becoming plasmolysed.
Plant cells in hypotonic solution
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, there is a net movement of water into the cell causing an increase in turgor pressure and the cell to become turgid. The cell membrane pushes against the cell wall.
Plants in isotonic solution
If a plant cell is placed into an isotonic solution there is no net movement of water causing the cell to stay the same.
Define active transport
The movement of particles through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration
Active transport
- Uses ATP as an energy source
- Involves carrier proteins in the cell membrane
- Active transport requires a carrier protein in the plasma membrane
Active transport and root hair cell
Plants need ions to survive e.g sodium potassium magnesium nitrate and phosphates
- ions are in a lower concentration in the soil then they are in the root hair cell therefore for the plant to get enough ions they are forced to use active transport to uptake more ions
- C6H12O6
function
-glucose used to produce energy from respiration - Plant produce sucrose, which is converted into glucose and use for respiration
Starch, glycogen and cellulose
All three of these are made from chains of glucose
- Cellulose - plants used to make cell walls
- starch - plants used to store energy
- glycogen - animals used to store energy in liver
Testing for reducing sugars and starch
- Benedict solution - reducing sugar
When heated it turns
Blue ➡️ green➡️ yellow➡️ orange➡️ red - iodine
It turned orange/brown ➡️ blue/black
Fat structure
- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
- 3 fatty acid chains joined to one glycerol molecule
Fats detail
- Solid facts at room temperature contains saturated fat
- Liquid fats (oil) contain unsaturated fats
