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Chem > Biology #5 > Flashcards

Biology #5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A
  • offspring all genetically identical
  • no genetic variation
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2
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

as a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent

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3
Q

Advantage of asexual reproduction

A
  • faster reproduction
  • requires less energy
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4
Q

What type of organisms can produce asexually

A

Mainly bacteria, fungi, small plants/animals, potatoes and bulbs

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5
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

as a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two gametes to form a zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other

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6
Q

Gametes

A

Gametes are formed by meiosis, a type of cell division which produces cells with half the chromosome number

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7
Q

Advantage of genetic variation in the wild

A

Genetic variation means that organisms can better survive changes to the environment. Some individuals may die, but as the population is genetically diverse some will have the traits to survive

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8
Q

Vantages of genetic variation in crops

A

Having crop plants that are genetically different is important for ensuring the crop can survive environmental change

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9
Q

Male part of a flower

A

Stamen - consists of filament (long, thin) and anther (pollen)

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10
Q

Female part of a flower

A

Carpel – consists of stigma (sticky
opening), style (long tube connecting stigma to ovary), ovary (houses ovules; becomes fruit), and ovules (develops female gametes; become seeds)

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11
Q

Define pollination

A

As the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

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12
Q

Define self pollination

A

As the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant

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13
Q

Cross pollination

A

As the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

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14
Q

Define STI

A

As an infection that is transmitted through sexual contact

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15
Q

HIV

A
  • HIV is a pathogen that causes an STI
  • HIV infection may lead to AIDS
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16
Q

Different ways HIV is transmitted

A
  • unprotected sex
  • organ transplant
  • blood transfusion
  • pregnancy breastfeeding
  • use of non sterile syringes and tools
17
Q

Ways to reduce the spread of HIV and other STI’s

A
  • use a condom during sex
  • avoid breastfeeding if you are HIV positive
  • don’t share needles for injecting drugs
    -make sure you check if someone has an STI before sex
18
Q

FSH

A
  • stimulates egg maturation in the follicles of the ovary
  • stimulates follicles in the ovaries to secrete oestrogen
19
Q

LH

A
  • At its peak stimulates ovulation (release of egg into oviduct)
  • results in the formation of a corpus luteum
20
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • stimulates the uterus to develop a lining (to replace the lining lost during menstruation)
  • post ovulation, inhibits FSH and LH production in the pituitary gland
21
Q

Progesterone

A
  • maintains and thickens lining of the uterus
  • inhibits FSH and LH production
  • if fertilisation doesn’t occur, levels drop and menstruation occurs
22
Q

Define inheritance

A

The transmission of genetic information from generation to generation

23
Q

DNA

A

Chromosomes are made of DNA which contains genetic information in the form of genes

24
Q

Genes

A

As a length of DNA that codes for a protein

25
Q

Define allele

A

as an alternative form of a gene

26
Q

Diploid

A

99.9% of the cells in your body
contain two copies of each
chromosome. These cells are
known as diploid cells.

27
Q

Haploid

A

The only cells with one copy of
each chromosome are sex cells
(sperm, eggs, pollen). These are
known as haploid cells.

28
Q

DNA expession

A

All our cells contain the same genes,
the only difference between them is
which genes they express (i.e. produce
proteins from)

29
Q

Variations of genes - alleles

A

Most genes will have multiple
variations between people in their
sequence. These are known as Alleles.
Everyone has two alleles for each gene,
one on each chromosome.

30
Q

The central dogma of biology - dna to rna to protein

A

Once we transcribe our DNA into mRNA it is sent to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
- Ribosomes read the sequence of
nitrogenous bases and translate it into a
specific sequence of amino acids, forming a protein
- 3 bases = 1 codon = code for 1 amino acid

31
Q

Seed requirements for germination

A

Germination = a seed sprouting
* Germination requires 3 factors:
Water (needed to soften seed)
Suitable temperatures (makes sure
it is the right time of year to sprout)
Oxygen (needed for respiration to
produce energy for cell division)

32
Q

How proteins are made

A

DNA always remains in the nucleus
* DNA is copied to form mRNA (messenger RNA) in the nucleus
Ribosomes convert the genetic sequences into a chain of amino
acids which folds to form a protein

33
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division giving rise to genetically identical cells
* Used for growth, repair, replacing cells and asexual reproduction
* During mitosis the DNA/ chromosomes replicate (makes a copy of itself), then the cell divides
* Half the chromosomes will move into each divided cell, creating two Daughter cells with the same chromosome as the original parent cell

34
Q

Meiosis

A

Used for making sex cells /
gametes. Only occurs in testes in
males and ovaries in females
* Produces 4 haploid daughter cells
with half the chromosome number
of a regular body cell
* This is because at fertilisation the
two haploid gametes will fuse,
making the zygote diploid

35
Q

Stem cells

A
  • Unspecialised cells that can divide by
    mitosis to become specialised cells
36
Q

Co dominance

A

Both alleles in a heterozygous organism
are expressed in equal parts on the
organism
The alleles do not blend, but are both
expressed at the same time

37
Q

Multiple allele traits

A

Involves genes that have more than
two different alleles
* Possible blood types: A, B, AB or O
* Order of dominance:
IA is equal dominance to IB (an example of
codominance)
IA and IB are dominant over IO

38
Q

Linked traits

A
  • Traits that are “linked” are
    found on the same
    chromosome. This means
    they tend to be inherited
    together more frequently
    than by random chance
39
Q

Sex linked traits

A

Sex linked traits is where the gene for a specific phenotype is located on a sex chromosome
* Males are much more likely to express a recessive phenotype for sex length traits e.g. pattern boldness green – red colour blindness

Chem (33 decks)

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