mock revision Flashcards
abrams
- studied working class workers below the minimum wage
- often not paid for time spent at work: undercover job gave unpaid training, breaks and lunch, buying own equipment
UNETHICAL, already low working class pay is further eroded. 😡
ritzer
mcjobs
script
uniform
rigid schedule
dehumanised
unsatisfied
americanisation
elite theory
middle and upper classes have advantages in employment opportunities
Sutton Trust: ruling class elite use elite schools —> elite universities —> old boys network —> employment
in elite jobs
Working class disadvantaged in job market.
50% of elite Westminster schools Oxbridge 2007.
top 7% private schools
milburn
glass floor
15/17 supreme court judges/heads of division private
goldthorpe and lockwood
instrumental attitude. prioritising getting quick jobs for money over satisfaction. no traditional working class pride/solidarity
mac an ghail
crisis of masculinity
deindustrialisation
feminisation of workplace
fatalism alcoholism depression domestic violence
owen jones
income inequality in tax + benefits system
— poorest 10% pay 43% of their income in tax, richest 10% pay just 35%.
— 2000s policy of austerity in noughties hit the poorest hardest as local councils had their budgets cut by an average of 40%
king charles inherited 600 million paid no inheritance
garrod
— increasing zero hour contracts (pay variable week to week, sometimes no work or pay)
— no guaranteed income compared to middle class
— 2021: 3% of workforce on zero hour contract
— GIG ECONOMY: workers get paid fora “gig” rather than week’s work. Freelance work, short term contract
— no basic rights like sick/holiday pay
— estimated 1 million ppl work in gig economy e.g. deliveroo, uber
— Denise Coats CEO of Bet365 earned 14,200 times average UK salary
gig economy
1 million in gig economy
66% age 16-30
no stability, security
uber drivers, deliveroo
brinkley et al
2013: women more likely to be employed in low paid low skilled jobs than 20 years ago
jobs for 16 year olds less and less common
dominant ideology that teenagers will be in education
arber and ginn
reserve army of labour
volunteering childcare financial emotional support
exploited
only access to lower down jobs, not top jobs
gannon
double disadvantaged
declining fertility and sexual capital
don’t cater for menopause
lack of respect
resolution foundation
18-24 24% furloughed, highest
independent 2018
Milennials are economically disadvantaged
earning significantly les than predicted and not in careers they’d hoped for
half of 16-17 year olds expected to earn 35,000 by age 30 with a degree and 25,000 without
but average salary of 30 year old in 2017 was 23,700
minimum wage
under 18 £5.28
over 21 £10.42
walby
public patriarchy
glass ceiling
22% of MPs are female
davidson
concrete ceiling: barrier associated with ethnic minority women in workplace
double discrimination of sexism AND racism makes glass ceiling more impenetrable
—> ROLLOCKS 2019: black women only 0.1% of active professors, 68% white men
UK feminista
motherhood penalty
/leaky pipeline
up to 30,000 women sacked for being pregnant each year
alakson
part-time penalty
70% of sample of 1610 part time working women said they freely chose part time work to balance family commitments
BUT high cost of childcare and difficulties of finding wrap care to cope with short school day, inflexible employers and inflexible male partners force them to find part time
PART TIME PENALTY — 44% had to take jobs that were lower skilled and lower paid jobs than previously
gender pay gap
17.3%
professor sue
micro aggressions
26% felt uncomfortable
“where are you really from”
70% ethnic minorities born in the UK
joseph rowntree foundation
pakistani and bangladeshi more likely to be self employed due to institutional racism
no sick/holiday pay
rollocks
uni professors 0.1% black women 68% white men
brown and gay
‘white’ name applications twice as likely to be interviewed than ‘asian’ names
sewell report
white unemployment 4%
black unemployment 9%
heath and mcmahon
ETHNIC PENALTY: all sources of disadvantage that may lead to an ethnic minority group to fare less well than similarly qualified white people.
Cabinet Office: all ethnic minorities suffer an ethnic penalty
black male graduates: paid 17% an hour less
platt
pay —
women: White British pay is greater than Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African women
but lower than Indian, Black Caribbean, and Chinese women
men: Indian, Chinese, then White British
class
SARbastion
Teaches Esti Makeup
Esti Gives Loving Messages and Gifts as
Payment, Or Jasmine Greentea
age
Sad Great Britain
Thought All Girls Give
Excellent Green Red Fish
Pecause I Mean Well
gender
SABastion
Teaches Women Dance
Everyday Until Girls
Panic and Giggle
Ethnicity
Stop Pressing Silly Juicy Red FIsh
Towards Danish Royals
Else Big Gay Sally Reports
Police Harry Martin Police
Feminist KAs for gender
liberal: Oakley
radical: Dworkin
Marxist: Feeley
triple: bell hooks
functionalist KAs for gender
Young
Davis and Moore
Parsons
Rastogi
Marxist KAs for gender
Feeley
Castles and Kossack
Skeggs
Bourdieu
Weber KAs
Weber
Barron and Norris
Parkin
Hutton
Marxist KAs for class
Marx
Castles and Kossack
Bourdieu
Gramsci
Functionalist KAs for class
Young
Davis and Moore
Parsons
Saunders
New Right KAs for class
Marsland
Murray
Murray and Herrnstein
Dennis and Erdos
Marxist KAs for ethnicity
Castles and Kossack
Castles and Kossack + Hall
Cox
Bourdieu
Functionalist KAs for ethnicity
Young
Davis and Moore
Roberts
Patterson
Marxist KAs for age
Castles and Kossack
Castles and Kossack and Hall
Marx
Bourdieu
Functionalist KAs for age
Young
Davis and Moore
Parsons
Eisenstadt
Feeley
family props up the capitalist system
family = patriarchal institution, women being exploited in role of wife and mother
capitalist ideology promotes nuclear family is ideal type + gender inequalities are natural and legitimate
children brainwashed by nuclear family unit to become next generation of workers
teaches conformity to parental control and acceptance of hierarchy
segregated conjugal roles taught
bride price
Skeggs
working class women particularly oppressed
feminists advance ‘individualist’ values and overlook discrimination against working class
working class women retraining to become health care workers. Dressing style changed: more demure, less makeup, to FIT IN with new role.
working class women oppressed by dual system of patriarchy and capitalism
Schlafly
positive freedom
traditional gender roles are FREEING for women
“liberation” only leads to bondage
campaigned against Equal Rights Amendment in USA 1970
Inequality exists and benefits women as traditional gender roles gives them special privileges e.g. chivalry
e.g. wife dependent benefits under social security, freedom from financial responsibility and army drafting,
Rastogi
Human Capital Theory
human capital = knowledge, competency, attitude and behaviour embedded in an individual
wage gap explained through amount of human capital people develop through knowledge and training
personal income varies based on investment in human capital
WOMEN less likely to invest in human capital and training due to expectation that they’re less committed to paid employment than men. choosing different priorities.
e.g. degree choice, maternity leave
Hakim
women now have genuine freedom to choose their own destinies. patriarchal obstacles have largely been removed by leglislation
women given a rational free choice, and many simply choose to prioritise childcare
gender differences in orientations to work
PREFERENCE THEORY: some women (especially highly educated) are work-oriented
others have more traditional views, are home oriented
some believe in PRIMARY gender roles but also fluidity between them (adaptive orientation)
both men and women should use sexual capital to get on in life
Marsland
WELFARE DEPENDENCY has undermined underclass’s sense of commitment, obligation, responsibility and independence.
They become lazy 😴
Welfare state and benefits system creates culture of dependency, creating + maintaining underclass
LEWIS: ‘new paternalism’ underclass of infantilised ppl unable and unwilling to help themselves. Marshmallow test (present time orientation)
Mead
cultural inadequacy, not social barriers like systematic racism
“the seriously poor are mostly blacks and Hispanics” as they have not internalised Western norms of individualism.
“they are at a disadvantage competing with the European groups — even if they face no mistreatment on racial grounds”
COLLECTIVISM VS INDIVIDUALISM
purdah, izzat
Roberts
Cultural factors
economic differences between ethnicities is due to culture
Modood: 3/5 Bangladeshi women, 1/2 Pakistani women DIDN’T SPEAK ENGLISH
Afro-Caribbean groups have anti-enterprise attitude
Cashmore: successful black entreprenuers treated with suspicion
South Asian women have custom of purdah (seclusion of women away from men).
SO EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES REDUCED
Patterson
HOST-IMMIGRANT MODEL
Britain 🇬🇧 = stable, homogenous, orderly, value consensus
DISRUPTED by immigrant ‘strangers’ in the 50s.
culture clash between West Indians (boisterous, noisy, not queueing) and English hosts (valued privacy, quiet, ‘keeping oneself to oneself’
Hosts aren’t racist, just unsure, so confusion spills into suspicion and resentment.
Cultural ‘strangeness’
Cultural assimilation will eventually happen and create racial harmony
Eisenstadt
adolescence: shifting loyalty from parents to marriage partner
rebellion against parental discipline
experimentation and finding identity
self discovery > economic rewards
roles of less commitment and maturity
