4a — gender Flashcards
legal acts against sexism
Equal Pay Act 1970 BUT still pay gap of 17%.
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (illegal to disadvantage one gender over another when recruiting)
studies for job Satisfaction (gender)
Abrams
Mac an Ghail
Abrams
- studied working class women below the minimum wage
- often not paid for time spent at work: undercover job gave unpaid training, breaks and lunch, buying own equipment
UNETHICAL, already low working class pay is further eroded. 😡
Mac an Ghail
OCRISISF MASCULINITY 🙍♂️😧
Manual labour 🏭 gave men sense of PRIDE 😼😼. Move away from manual labour —> insecurity.
Men who’s traditional masculinity is now IRRELEVANT but can’t align with modern masculinity face crisis 🙍♂️😧.
Depression 😞, fatalism, crime 🚨, domestic violence, adoption of new identities.
deindustrialisation and feminisation of workplace and education (boys don’t do as well at GCSE)
Average of 7 years shorter life span than women, higher suicide rates
studies for Top jobs (gender)
Glass ceiling
Arber and Ginn
studies for Employment opportunities (gender)
Dodd (+Zempi)
UK Feminista
Dodd (+Zempi)
High levels of discrimination for particular groups of women (especially Muslim women wearing hijab) less likely to get a job.
Zempi: discrimination against Muslim women
UK Feminista
MOTHERHOOD PENALTY/LEAKY PIPELINE
up to 30,000 women are sacked each year for being pregnant
440,000 women lose out on pay promotion due to pregnancy
studies for Pay (gender)
UK Women’s Budget Group 2018
Alakson
Sommers
UK women;s budget group 2018
women are 47% of employment
73% of part time employment
65.5% of mothers look for part time work, 77% of fathers look for full time work (ONS)
Alakson 2012
70% of sample of 1610 part time working women said they freely chose part time work to balance family commitments
BUT high cost of childcare and difficulties of finding wrap care to cope with short school day, inflexible employers and inflexible male partners force them to find part time
PART TIME PENALTY — 44% had to take jobs that were lower skilled and lower paid jobs than previously
Sommers
Factual feminist
gap between men and women is EARNINGS GAP not pay gap, as it relates to different choices and careers not discrimination
97% of worker fatalities are males: so men are paid better because more dangerous jobs
glass ceiling
vertical segregation
women in top jobs:
17% of top company directors
22% of MPs
Arber and Ginn
older women serve as a reserve army of labour and are exploited due to their unpaid work
— caring for grandkids 👦 ☺️
— volunteering 🙋 for charities
— loans, emotional + practical support 🏠
STILL PLAY ESSENTIAL ROLE IN SOCIETY
Oakley: dual burden, triple shift
