2a — ethnicity Flashcards
Modood et al 1997
economic differences BETWEEN different ethnic minorities > black/white divide
rejects racial dualism model, its more complicated than white/non-white
Platt 2011
pay —
women: White British pay is greater than Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African women
but lower than Indian, Black Caribbean, and Chinese women
men: Indian, Chinese, then White British
Professor Sue
ethnic minorities subject to micro aggressions
overt racism is rare, but racist stereotypes and assumptions still exist
“where are you really from?” passive aggressive (70% of British ethnic minorities born in the UK)
makes people feel like an outsider.
27% of ethnic minorities experienced racist jookes or banter
26% felt uncomfortable at work due to stereotypes/appearance comments
Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds more likely to be self-employed
bc they were forced into it due to racism in recruitment system?
self-employed have lower average wage, no sick pay, no holiday pay
Davidson
concrete ceiling: barrier associated with ethnic minority women in workplace
double discrimination of sexism AND racism makes glass ceiling more impenetrable
—> ROLLOCKS 2019: black women only 0.1% of active professors, 68% white men
—> RUNNYMEDE TRUST 2015: only 15 black academics in the British university system perform senior management roles
—> GUARDIAN 2018: 60% of ethnic minority respondents believe they had been overlooked for promotion compared with 35% of white people
Brown and Gay
sent applications with identical qualifications and experience yet gave each candidate a ‘white name’, ‘black name’ and ‘asian name’.
—> White candidate got 2x interview offers: racial bias in recruitment, nameless applications may be a good idea
Sewell Report
unemployment rates significantly higher for people from black, Pakistani, Bangladeshi backgrounds
2018: unemployment for White British and Indian people was 4%, Black people was 9%
Heath and McMahon 1995
ETHNIC PENALTY: all sources of disadvantage that may lead to an ethnic minority group to fare less well than similarly qualified white people.
Cabinet Office: all ethnic minorities suffer an ethnic penalty
Unexplained gap between white people and ethnic minorities
1.9m BAME workers paid about 3.2bn less than their white counterparts every year
black male graduates: paid 17% or £3.90 an hour less
UK Women’s Budget Group 2018 found that pay and employment rates of Pakistani and Bangladeshi women lag behind other groups
Wright
primary schools
unofficial setting based on teacher’s assumptions on ability without assessment
unconscious bias
Asian students: seen as a problem that can be ignored. Assume poor English
Afro-Caribbean boys: seen as a problem that can’t be ignored, resulting in over-discipline
Gilborn
Secondary schools: ethnic minorities (especially Afro-Caribbean boys) already know the system is against them. Official sets, systematic discrimination, self-fulfilling prophecy, results in lower achievement
Mac an Ghail (racism in education)
less ethic minority students at A-Level
Afro-Caribbean boys fully aware of systematic discrimination, more likely to drop out
Afro-Caribbean girls do resistance with accommodation, working hard and forming pro school subcultures (MIRZA)
Wright
primary schools
unofficial setting based on preconceived assumptions
Asian students: assumed poor English, seen as problems that don’t need dealing with
Afro-Caribbean boys: seen as problems that should be dealt with (resulting in over-discipline)
Gilborn
secondary schools
ethnic minority students (especially Afro-Caribbean boys) already know the system is against them
official setting results in further systematic discrimination, self fulfilling prophecy
Mac an Ghail
less ethnic minority students at A-level, Afro-Caribbean boys fully aware of systematic racism and more likely to drop out
Afro-Caribbean girls form pro-school subcultures (Mirza)
