Mock Flashcards
First paragraphs - independent groups
An independent groups design is when two groups of people do the same conditions in an experiment. Half of the participants are usually used as an experimental group where the independent variable is manipulated while the other half is a control group that is used for comparison where the independent variable is not manipulated.
A repeated measures design is when one group completes both conditions in an experiment. It uses less participants than an independent groups design because there is one group doing all the tasks.
IG evaluation - order effects
One strength of an independent groups design is that there are no order effects. This means that the participants will not get better at the task or get tired of doing it because they will only be doing it one time. This also means that participants will not be able to work out the aim of the study. Therefore it reduces demand characteristics and it is more reliable
IG evaluation - participant variables
One weakness of an independent groups design is that there are participant variables. This is because there are different participants in each group which means that they will act differently and affect the results, making them less valid. However, participant variables can be dealt with by using a matched pairs design. This is when participants are paired based on key variables or shared characteristics which increases the validity.
RM evaluation - participant variables
One strength of repeated measures is that there are no participant variables. This is because the participants are the same in both conditions so there are no differences between them that can affect the results. This means that the results are more valid than in an independent groups design.
RM evaluation - order effects
One weakness of repeated measures is that there are order effects. This means that the participants can get better or bored of a task because they are doing it multiple times which means that it is less reliable. However, order effects can be avoided by using counterbalancing, for example, having 50% of the participants do task A and then task B and having the other 50% of the participants do task B and then task A so that if there are order effects it balances out.
Schema - negative self schema
A schema is a mental framework that contains the ideas and information that are developed through experience. When a person has a negative self-schema it means that they are likely to interpret information about yourself in a negative way. In this scenario, —— is showing that they have a negative self-schema because they believe that they will never be chosen to be on the team and think that they can’t improve if they try.
Dweck’s theory
Dweck’s mindset theory states that the difference between people who are successful and people who are not successful is their mindset. There are two mindsets that a person can have, a growth mindset and a fixed mindset. People with a growth mindset think that you can improve if you put in the effort and they focus on learning. On the other hand, people with a fixed mindset think that failure is due to a lack of talent and that people are born talented so trying to improve is a waste of time. In this scenario, — is showing that they have a fixed mindset because they think tha going to training is a waste of time because they can’t improve themselves, whereas — is showing that they have a growth mindset because when they get rejected, they try to improve so that next time they will be better and they can try to be selected for the team next time.
Negative schema evaluation
One strength of the negative schemas explanation is that it has led to ways of treating depression through cognitive behavioral therapy. This is when people try to change their thinking from irrational and faulty to rational thinking to help relieve depression. Therefore, it leads to successful ways to help people with depression.
Dweck’s theory evaluation real world application
One strength of Dweck’s theory is that it has real-world application. This is because, businesses and schools have used the theory to change mindsets and improve performances in different contexts. This means that Dweck’s’s mindset theory has led to many people improving.
Hughe’s police man doll study - 1st paragraphs
The aim of Hughes’s policeman doll study was to create a test of egocentrism that would be more understandable to children younger than 7 years. To do this, Hughe’s showed children aged 3 1/2 to 5 years old a model of two intersecting walls. The children had to hide a boy doll from a police man doll. The child’s egocentrism was tested by asking the child to hide the boy doll from two policemen.
Hughes policeman doll study - 2nd paragraph
The results of the study were that 90% of the children could hide the boy doll from two policemen. When a more complex model was used with five or six walls, 60% of 3 year olds and 90% of 4 year olds could hide the boy doll. Hughes’ study shows that children aged 4 are mostly not egocentric be that Piaget underestimated younger children’s abilities because his task using mountains didn’t make sense to the children
Hughes ‘ study - makes more sense
One strength of the study is that the task made more sense to children. This is because, the task that Hughes gave the children made was easier for the children to understand than Piaget’s method of selecting a view of a mountain top.
Hughes’ policeman doll study - effects of expectations
One weakness is that researchers expectations may have influenced the childrens behaviour. This is because, the researches could have unconsciously given hints to the children on how they should hide the boy doll in the task. This means that the results could lack validity.
Hughes policeman doll study - challenges Piaget
One strength of this study is that it challenges Piaget’s view. This is because, the results suggest that Piaget’s original study confused young children because the task didn’t make sense to them. Therefore, this study helped to refine this type of child development research.
Praise
Praising effort is motivating, people can always put in more effort
Praising others for performance is demotivating
