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MNSR > MNSR 41 - Endocrinology ; Hormones of the Adenohypophysis.. > Flashcards

MNSR 41 - Endocrinology ; Hormones of the Adenohypophysis.. Flashcards

1
Q

what part of the anterior pituitary gland are responsible for chief source of trophic hormones

A

pars distalis

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2
Q

trophic hormones function

A

regulate hormone secretion from another endocrine gland

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3
Q

name six different cell types associated with anterior pituitary gland

A 
Corticotrophic – ACTH
Thyrotrophic – TSH
Gonadotrophic – FSH & LH
Somatotrophic – GH
Lactotrophic – Prolactin
Chromophobic – unknown
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4
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone name:

i) Structure
ii) Plasma half life
iii) Target Organ
iv) Control centre

A 
i)Glycoprotein
alpha chain (92 aa)
beta chain (110 aa)
ii)35-55mins
iii)thyroid follicular cells
iv)Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone
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5
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone name;

i) Structure
ii) Plasma half life
iii) Target Organ
iv) Control centre

A 
i)Peptide
39 amino acids
ii) 5 - 10 mins
iii)adrenal cortex
iv)Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone
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6
Q 
Follicle Stimulating
hormone name;
i)Structure
ii)Plasma half life
iii)Target Organ
iv)Control centre
A 
i)Glycoprotein
alpha chain (92 aa)
beta chain (115 aa)
ii)60 mins
iii)ovary - follicles
testis - germinal epithelium
iv)Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
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7
Q

Luteinizing Hormone name;

i) Structure
ii) Plasma half life
iii) Target Organ
iv) Control centre

A 
i)Glycoprotein
alpha chain (92 aa)
beta chain (115 aa)
ii)60 mins
iii)ovary- ovulation 
corpus luteum
testis- Leydig cells
iv)Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
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8
Q

Prolactin name;

i) Structure
ii) Plasma half life
iii) Target Organ
iv) Control centre

A 
i)Polypeptide
199 amino acids
ii)30 mins
iii)mammary gland
? male prostate
iv)PRIH = dopamine
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9
Q

Growth hormone (Somatotrophic hormone) name;

i) Structure
ii) Plasma half life
iii) Target Organ
iv) Control centre

A 
i)Polypeptide
191 amino acids
ii)30 mins
iii)liver -
somatomedin 
iv)Growth hormone releasing hormone
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10
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone stimulate?

A

Stimulates thyroid to release two hormones;
T4 – Thyroxine
T3 - Triiodothyronine

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11
Q

what organs and parts of the pituitary gland help control negative feedback of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) to operate?

A

through the hypothalamus

Directly on the pars distalis

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12
Q

how is TSH secreted and what time of the day does its activity peak?

A

in a pulsatile/pulsating manner with peak activity at night

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13
Q

describe morphological action of TSH?

A

Stimulates growth in the size and number of the thyroid follicular cells

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14
Q

What is the overall impact of the TSH in the body?

A

May enhance the uptake of thyroid hormone by muscle cells

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15
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

Also called corticotrophin

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16
Q

where is ACTH released and what hormones stimulate the release of this hormone ACTH?

A

Released from pituitary in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus

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17
Q

What organ does Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone/ACTH target?

A

targeting the adrenal gland specifically the adrenal cortex

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18
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone/ACTH stimulates the synthesis and release of…

A

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids
Androgens (e.g. testosterone precursor)

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19
Q

How is ACTH secreted throughout and what time of the day is its peak?

A

Secreted in a pulsatile/pulsating manner during the day peaking in early morning and low in late evening

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20
Q

Long term effects of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone/ACTH?

A

Initiating and maintaining the full development of the adrenal gland

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21
Q

What are the short term effects of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone/ACTH?

A

Responds to “stress reaction” where any stress to the body will cause release of ACTH within seconds

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22
Q

How does negative feedback of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone/ACTH operate?

A
  • rise in cortical adrenal hormones leads to decreased ACTH and CRH
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23
Q

Other name of cortisol hormone?

A

stress hormone

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24
Q

where is cortisol hormone released?

A

Adrenal cortex

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25
Q

effects of cortisol hormone?

A 
suppress immune system
decrease serotonin
decrease sensitivity of pain
increase blood pressure
increase blood sugar
heightened memory and attention
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26
Q

What is the GRH and its function?

A

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

Stimulates release of both Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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27
Q

Why is Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) sometimes called the gonadotrophins?

A

stimulate the gonads and are sometimes called gonadotrophins

28
Q

How does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) affect females?

A

Stimulates growth of the follicles and stimulates oestrogen secretion by follicular cells

29
Q

How does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) affect males?

A

Stimulates growth of the germinal epithelium in the seminiferous tubules of the testis

30
Q

Function of Luteinizing Hormone/LH?

A

maintains the interstitial tissue of the testes and ovaries even when the gametogenic tissue is inactive

31
Q

Other name of Luteinizing Hormone/LH in males

A

interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

32
Q

How does Luteinizing Hormone/LH affect males?

A

Stimulates the growth of the Leydig cells and the secretion of testosterone

33
Q

How does Luteinizing Hormone/LH affect females?

A

causes luteinization of ovarian follicle after ovulation
forms corpus luteum, which produces progesterone
Controls the final step in ovulation where its release is stimulated by oestrogen levels

34
Q

main function of prolactin

A

to cause development and production of milk in the breast or mammary gland which has already been stimulated by the gonadotrophins and sex hormones of pregnancy

35
Q

what is a major stimulus for prolactin

A

tactile stimulation of the nipple by the suckling infant in postpartum lactating women

36
Q

what mediates prolactin and what is required to activate them?

A

two linked receptors which require two prolactin molecules to activate

37
Q

what effect does prolactin have on males?

A

In males it increases the LH receptors in the Leydig cells

38
Q

what controls/inhibitory to prolactin?

A

being mainly inhibitory (dopamine) but TRH may stimulate secretion

39
Q

what stimulates secretion of Growth Hormone/GH?

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Factor (GHRH)

Releases GH release from pituitary

40
Q

what inhibits releases of Growth Hormone/GH?

A

Somatostatin

41
Q

How does insulin Growth Factor-1 affect release of Growth Hormone/GH?

A

Stimulates somatostatin to inhibit GH release
Prevents GH release from the pituitary
Increases growth of peripheral tissues

42
Q

physiological effect of Growth Hormone?

A

stimulation of amino acid transport and protein synthesis

43
Q

what is the overall effect of the Growth Hormone on the appearance of the body?

A

growth of the individual though it also has metabolic effects

44
Q

name of condition with absence of GH and excessive GH

A

The absence of GH in children leads to dwarfism
Excessive GH
Children: giantism (gigantism)
Adults: acromegaly

45
Q

Pars Intermedia:

A

Boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary
Derived from similar tissue as the pars distalis and produces one single hormone:

46
Q

Hormone released from Pars intermedia

A

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone/ MSH

47
Q

3 forms of MSH

A

alpha-MSH (13 amino acids similar to part of the ACTH molecule)
beta-MSH (18 amino acids)
gamma-MSH (12 amino acids)

48
Q

effects of MSH/Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

Affects the production and dispersion of melanin granules in the melanocytes
Skin & hair coloration in mammals
Tanning ability post UV exposure

49
Q

name 2 hormones produced in hypothalamus and released in posterior pituitary gland

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone

Oxytocin

50
Q

what is the only structural difference in ADH and oxytocin

A

Differ in only two amino acid residues
oxytocin - 3rd amino acid Isoleucine 8th amino acid - Leucine
ADH - 3rd aa - phenylalanine 8th aa - arginine

51
Q

half life of oxytocin and ADH

A

Oxytocin - 2-4 mins

ADH - 15-30mins

52
Q

where specifically are oxytocin and ADH produced in the hypothalamus

A

the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

53
Q

where are oxytocin and ADH transported and stored

A

Transported along the axons to the pars nervosa where they are stored until required

54
Q

what receptor stimulates release ADH

A

Osmoreceptor cells detect changes in blood Na+ ion levels

A nerve impulse (afferent) travels to the pars nervosa and ADH is released

55
Q

what effect does alcohol have on ADH?

A

Alcohol has an inhibitory effect on ADH release causing diuresis

56
Q

name disorder of pars nervosa

A

Diabetes Insipidus

57
Q

Diabetes Insipidus and its causes

A

A deficiency of ADH causes the disease diabetes insipidus (not related to diabetes mellitus)
failure of the collecting ducts to reabsorb water

58
Q

consequences of diabetes Insipidus

A

excretion of very high volumes of pale (dilute) urine

59
Q

most common causes of Diabetes Insipidus

A

is damage to the pituitary or hypothalamus due to head injury, infection, surgery, autoimmune reaction or any other source of harm to the region

60
Q

Treatment of Diabetes Insipidus

A

lypressin or desmopressin, administered by nasal spray or injection

61
Q

where is oxytocin expressed in the body?

A

Oxytocin receptors are expressed by the myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland, and in both the myometrium and endometrium of the uterus at the end of pregnancy.

62
Q

2 process which involve oxytocin

A

Letdown reflex – release of milk during breast feeding (myoepithelial cell contraction)
Uterine contraction

63
Q

Let-down Reflex

A

stimulation - infant suckling on nipple
Afferent sensory impulse reaches hypothalamus thru spinal cord
Activates oxytocin neurons in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
causes release of oxytocin from pars nervosa
oxytocin carried through blood vessels to mammary gland
causes myoepithelial cells of milk ducts to contract - release milk

64
Q

target organ of let-down reflex

A

mammary gland to stimulate release of milk

65
Q

why is oxytocin released in the uterus?

A

needed for;
cervial dilation
initiation of contractions during second and third stages of labour
to assist uterus in clotting the placental attachment point postpartum

66
Q

how is synthetic oxytocin used

A

Slow IV infusion

Amplitude and frequency of contractions related to dose given

MNSR (17 decks)

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