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MNSR > MNSR 40 - Endocrinology: Endocrine systems: hormones > Flashcards

MNSR 40 - Endocrinology: Endocrine systems: hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrinology

A

The branch of biology dealing with the endocrine glands and their secretions, esp. in relation to their processes or functions.

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2
Q

Features of endocrine glands

A

ductless
secrete hormones
secreted directly into bloodstream

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3
Q

hormones

A

A substance secreted by cells in one part of the body that passes to another part where it is effective, in very small concentrations, in regulating the growth or activity of the cells

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4
Q

what will stimulate the release of the hormone

A

the appropriate receptor of the hormone

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5
Q

how do hormones function

A

as long term regulators of many activities, often involved in homeostasis

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6
Q

where do the secreted hormones go to and how are they transported

A

Transferred to the site of action, or target organ

Usually complexed with (transported by) plasma proteins - usually hydrophobic

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7
Q

how are neurohormones (hormones released by neurons) released

A

Pass down the axon to the nerve endings

Released into special capillary networks near the target organ

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8
Q

tissue hormones

A

hormones, produced in various parts of the body which have a local effect on cells and tissues

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9
Q

examples of tissue hormones

A 
Kinins
Prostaglandins (inflammatory mediator)
Gastrin (Gastric acid secretion)
Secretin (Regulation of pH in duodenum)
Cholecystokinin (Digestion of fat & protein).
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10
Q

types of functionality of hormones

A

endocrine signalling
paracrine signalling
autocrine signalling

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11
Q

endocrine signalling hormones

A

hormones acts on target sells distant from site of synthesis

e.g. adrenocorticotrophic hormone

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12
Q

paracrine hormones

A

Signalling molecules act on neighbouring cells e.g. serotonin

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13
Q

Autocrine hormone

A

Local regulators

Signalling molecules act on same cells to amplify signals

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14
Q

4 main chemical groups

A

peptide hormones
amino acid derived hormones
steroid hormones
fatty acid hormones - derived from from arachidonic acid

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15
Q

4 ways hormones control activity of cells and tissue of target organs

A

Influencing the rate of synthesis of enzymes or other proteins.
Altering the rate of enzyme catalysis
Speeding up or slowing down metabolic pathways.
Altering the permeability of the cell membrane.

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16
Q

2 types of hormones

A

Cell-surface signalling – hydrophilic

Intracellular signalling - hydrophobic

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17
Q

mechanism of action of steroid and thyroid hormones

A

easily pass through membrane into nucleus

interact w/ receptor to activate or recess specific genes - synthesis of specific proteins

18
Q

mechanism of action of peptide hormones

A

water soluble - can’t directly pass through membrane
GPCR - G Protein Coupled Receptor
hormones bind to receptor leads to conformational change in receptor
G protein is activated - moves away from receptor to activate next signalling protein in pathway usually adenylyl cyclaseATP – > cyclic-AMP
Phosphorylation cascade w/ protein kinase

19
Q

hypothalamus function in endocrine systme

A

Links nervous system to endocrine system

Receives input from other areas of brain and alters release of hormones in response

20
Q

what type of hormone does hypothalamus release

A

neurohormones

21
Q

where are hormones produced in hypothalamus usually stored in

A

pituitary gland for regular secretion of hormones

22
Q

through what system are hormones secreted in hypothalamus

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

23
Q

name 3 main components of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

superior hypophyseal artery
primary capillary plexus
secondary capillary plexus

24
Q

function pituitary gland

A

Controls the other endocrine glands

25
Q

what influences and regulates pituitary gland

A

Influenced by endocrine glands via a system of mostly negative feedbacks
Partially regulated by hypothalamus

26
Q

2 lobes of pitiuitary gland

A 
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) is neural tissue
 anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) is glandular tissue
27
Q

how is pituitary gland attached

A

Attached by a short connection called the infundibular stalk (pituitary stalk) to the hypothalamus

28
Q

what is the posterior and anterior part of the pituitary gland derived from?

A

One part is derived from a downgrowth of the hypothalamus, the infundibulum,
The other from Rathke’s pouch

29
Q

rathke’s pouch

A

Depression of the roof of the developing mouth
Breaks away from the pharynx
Forms anterior pituitary

30
Q

hypothalamus extends to form

A

Infundibulum

Posterior pituitary

31
Q

what is posterior of pituitary gland composed of

A

Composed of two parts: pars nervosa and the median eminence

32
Q

where is anterior pituitary developed from

A

developed from an inpushing of the mouth ectoderm called Rathke’s pouch.

33
Q

how many major hormones are secreted from anterior pituitary gland and how many of them are trophic

A

Seven major hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary, four of which are trophic hormones

34
Q

trophic hormones

A

are hormones which have another endocrine gland as the target organ

35
Q

identify trend in hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland

A

hormones appear to have both releasing and inhibitory factors
The releasing function is dominant
Prolactin is an exception; inhibited by dopamine

36
Q

name the 7 hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland

A 
Growth Hormone
Prolactin
Follicle-stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Endorphins
37
Q

list the hormones released from hypothalamus

A 
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Prolactin releasing hormone
ADH
Oxytocin
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
Corticotrophin-releasing hormone
38
Q

Hypothalamus-pituitary axis

A

The control and secretion of these hormones is under the direction of the hypothalamus which releases special neurohormones

39
Q

hormones secreted in posterior pituitary gland

A

oxytocin

ADH - vasopressin

40
Q

where is the pars intermedia and what hormone does it release

A

Boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
An increase in MSH will cause a darkening in humans

41
Q

cushing’s syndrome

A

high levels of adrenocoroticotropic hormone production - high MSH levels - > abnormal darkening

MNSR (17 decks)

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