MNSR 37 - Human Reproduction: Female Reproductive system Flashcards
location of ovaries
are located in the lower abdominal cavity below kidneys - each 3cm long
Held in place by two ligaments
2 ligaments holding ovaries in place
round ligament and ovarian ligament
ovarian ligament
. Connects ovary to side of uterus. It is a fibrous band of tissue that lies within the broad ligament
round ligament
and attaches to labia majora
where is the ova(egg) fertilised
upper part of the fallopian tube
describe fallopian tube/ mullerian duct
tubes are ciliated on their luminal side and leads to uterus which is where implantation of the morula happens
morula
solid ball of cells caused by cell division from fertilisation of egg with sperm
uterus shape for humans
pear shape - single i.e simplex
we usually only have one baby at a time
uterus shape for most mammals
bipartite 1 cervix prominent uterine body e.g cat, dogs or
bicornuate 1 cervix for a small body - pigs
3 layers of uterus
perimetrium (outer)
myometrium (middle)
endometrium (inner)
perimetrium
covers outside of uterus - thin lining continuous with the mesothelium
myometrium
inside is a thick muscular myometrium, of smooth muscle
endometrium
forms a glandular inner layer richly supplied with blood vessels; a simple columnar epithelium lines the lumen;
lining of vagina is made of …
stratified squamous epithelium resting on basement membrane
lamina propria of vagina
under epithelium is a layer of lamina propria, which is rich in elastic fibres, and does not have any glands
Under the lamina propria layer is a layer of smooth muscle, which has an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer.
external genitalia during fetal development
with a genital tubercle, a urogenital sinus, and two folds;
genital tubercle development in males
extends to become the penis
how does urogenital sinus develop for males
Urogenital sinus closes along its base and the folds join to form the scrotal sac
function of scrotal or perineal raphe
the scrotal or perineal raphe (i.e. midline of scrotum) mark the position of closure to form the scrotal sac
genital tubercle development for females
remains relatively small as the clitoris*
urogenital sinus development for females
Urogenital sinus forms vaginal and urethral orifices
how does genital folds develop in females
remain open as the inner and outer folds respectively the labia minora and labia majora
bartholins glands
bulbo-urethral
comparable to cowper’s glands in males
supply mucus for lubrication empty it in vestibule of vagina
germinal epithelium
covering of ovaries by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells continuous with the mesothelium - does not make the egg
tunica albuginea
originates from the mesonephric stroma that penetrates the ovary
thick connective tissue capsule of the ovary
formation of primordial folllicle
in early fetal life germ cells move to genital ridge from yolk sac to make primordial follicle containing oögonia)
when do humans develop primordial follicle
In humans they start to develop between weeks 4 and 8 and are present in the fetus between weeks 5 and 30
describe oogonia’s function and how it is made
the ova are formed in the ovary from cells called oogonia which proliferate by mitotic division. All of the oogonia enlarge to form primary oocyte
are in the primordial follicle
primordial follicles divide by
meiosis
what do primordial follicles contain
primary oöcytes arrested in diplotene of prophase in the first meiotic division;
how many primordial follicles may complete oogenesis during a woman’s life
450-500
how many follicles may be activated at each ovarian cycle and how many reach full maturity
20 may be activated by usually one reaches full maturity
how many follicles are present at birth
500,000 to 1 million follicles present at birth
how do granulosa cells hep development of primordial follicle
secrete follicular fluid and accumulates in follicular cavities developing within granulosa layer - continues to grow -> secondary follicle
antrum (vacant space) begins to form
theca layer
theca externa - (outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibres
theca interna - vascular layer secrete oestrogen covering layer of primordial follicle
what is formed in the ovary after 2 weeks
graafian follicle - bulges on ovarian surface and burst to release ovulateed secondary oocyte
3 cellular layers surrounding antrum
membrane granulosa
theca interna
theca externa
cumulus oöphorus;
bulge of membrana granulosa cells in the antrum in primordial follicle
how does egg get rid of extra genetic material
graafian follicle before ovulation complete meiosis I to make 2 haploid cells of unequal ce;;
- first polar body - discarded nuclear material.
- secondary oocyte - receives most cytoplasm begin meiosis II but then stops in metaphase.
ovulation
release of secondary oöcyte from the ovary
remaining cavity that contained secondary oöcyte forms..
corpus luteum which begins secreting hormones in preparation for pregnancy
cervical cancer
from malignancy of epithelial cells of cervix
most common form of female cancer
how is cervical cancer detected
pap smear to detect early stage
endometriosis
inflammation of endometrial tissue in the uterus
tissue grows atypically in pelvic cavity
abnormal uterine or rectal bleeding can occur
ovarian cysts
build up of fluid in ovary to form a cyst controlled by varying hormone
may disappear or enlarge
surgery may be needed if severe but can go away
generally non-malignant
