MMT Hip, knee, and ankle

Question 1

Hip flexion

prime movers

Answer 1

iliopsoas, sartorius, tensor fascia latae, and rectus femoris

against gravity: client sitting with knee flexed and over the edge of surface with foot unsupported, Maybe have them have their hands in a prayer position so they don’t try to stabilize

gravity eliminated: client lying on non-test side, client holds nontest extremity in maximal hip and knee flexion

Question 2

Hip extension

prime movers

Answer 2

gluteus maximus and semimembranosus, and semitendinosus when knee is flexed

against gravity: client prone with both legs extended and resting on testing surface, client is asked to hold onto edge of testing surface as resistance is applied; client moves testing extremity in the direction of hip extension while knee remains extended

Gravity eliminated: client is lying on nontest side, client hold the nontest extremity in max hip and knee flexion, testing hip is in neutral and knee is flexed (don’t let them try to stabilize with their arms or hands)

Question 3

Hip abduction

prime movers

Answer 3

sartorius, gluetus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia latae

against gravity: client is lying on nontest side, client holds nontest extremity in max hip and knee flexion, testing extremity is in slight hip extension, neutral rotation, and knee extension

gravity eliminated: client supine with hip and knees extended resting on testing surface

Question 4

Hip adduction

prime movers

Answer 4

pectineus, adductor magnus, gracilis, adductor longus, and adductor brevis

against gravity: client is lying on his/her side on testing extremity, with hip in neutral and knee extended on testing surface, nontest extremity is in abduction and knee is extended, client moves testing extremity in the direction of hip adduction toward the nontest extremity

gravity eliminated: client supine with hip in neutral and abduction, and knee extended on testing surface

Question 5

Hip external rotation

prime movers

Answer 5

piriformis, quadratus femoris, obturator femoris, obturator internis, obturator externus, gemellus superior, and gemellus inferior POGOGOQ

against gravity: client sitting with testing hip in 90 degrees of flexion, knees flexed at edge of testing surface, midpoint of patella is aligned with the ASIS

gravity eliminated: client supine with testing hip in internal rotation and knee extension

Question 6

Hip internal rotation

prime movers

Answer 6

gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia latae

against gravity: client sitting with testing hip in 90 degrees of flexion, knees flexed at edge of testing surface, the midpoint of patella is aligned with the ASIS

gravity eliminated: client is supine with testing hip in external rotation and knee extension

Question 7

Knee flexion

prime movers

Answer 7

medial hamstrings-semitendinosus and semimembranosus; lateral hamstrings- biceps femoris

against gravity: client is prone, testing knee is extended and the foot is over edge of testing surface

gravity eliminated: client lying on nontest side, the testing hip and knee are extended

Question 8

Knee extension

prime movers

Answer 8

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis

against gravity: client sitting with a pad supported under the distal thigh, testing knee is flexed and lower leg and feet are over edge of testing surface

gravity eliminated: client is lying on nontest side, testing hip is extended and knee is flexed

Question 9

Ankle dorsiflexion

prime movers

Answer 9

tibialis anterior

against gravity: client is sitting with lower leg and feet over edge of testing surface, the ankle is in plantar flexion and foot is in neutral, client moves testing extremity into dorsiflexion and with toes relaxed

gravity eliminated: client lying on test side, testing hip is extended, knee is flexed, and ankle is in plantar flexion

Question 10

Ankle plantar flexion

prime movers

Answer 10

gastrocnemius, soleus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and tibialis posterior

against gravity: client prone with knee extended and feet are over edge of testing surface, ankle is in dorsiflexion, client moves testing extremity into plantar flexion with toes relaxed

gravity eliminated: client lying on test side, nontest knee is flexed, testing knee is extended and the ankle is in dorsiflexion