Mix15

Question 1

A penetration injury just above the clavicle would result in what?

Answer 1

Stab wound to this area can cause pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, or hemothorax because the lung apices extend all the way up above the clavicle.

Pleural injury&raquo_space; tension pneumothorax (lung collapse)

Question 2

Both nitrates and dihydropyridines (amlodipine, nifedipine) can help with stable angina. How do their MOA differ?

Answer 2

Nitrates&raquo_space; Vasodilaiton via ^cGMP&raquo_space; SM relaxation&raquo_space; decreased preload. Venodilation causes decrease in LV EDV&raquo_space; decreased wall stress&raquo_space; decreased O2 demand

Dihydropyridines (amlodipine, nifedipine)&raquo_space; arterial dilation&raquo_space; decreased afterload

Question 3

How does glucagon promote an increase in serum glucose?

Answer 3

Glucagon promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Way to rapidly ^ blood glucose levels in hypoglycemia. Binds GPCR on hepatocytes&raquo_space; ^ cAMP&raquo_space; ^ PKA&raquo_space; activation of glycogen phosphorylase.

Stimulates gluconeogenesis by activating rate limiting gluconeogenic enzymes (pyruvate carboxylase and PEP-CK) and decreasing fructose 2,6 bisphos levels (inhibiting glycolysis)