Mix 8 Flashcards
Differentiation and development of external genitalia occurs during weeks ___ of gestation:
weeks 8-15
Pramipexole, ropinirole, and bromocriptine would be considered ___ and are used in the Rx of Parkinson’s Disease:
Dopamine agonists.
Bromocriptine = ergot based
Pramipexole + ropinirole = non-ergot (preferred)
BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) is released in response to high atrial and ventricular filling pressures (myocardial stretch). BNP induces a diuretic, natriuretic, and vasodilatory effect by antagonizing the effects of RAAS system. BNP also protects against deleterious remodeling and fibrosis of the heart that happens in HF. BNP can be degraded by ___ which is a metalloprotease that cleaves endogenous peptides.
Neprilysin. Inhibition of this enzyme will improve outcomes in pt with chronic systolic HF.
Why do you get progressive interstitial lung fibrosis with pneumoconiosis?
Engulfment of inorganic dust»_space; macrophage activation in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli»_space; release of inflammatory cytokines, GF (PDGF and IGF) that cause fibroblast proliferation»_space; collagen deposition in the lungs.
Acetyl CoA stimulates gluconeogenesis by increasing the activity of ___ when acetyl CoA is abundant. This regulatory step allows pyruvate to shifted towards gluconeogenesis (away from pyruvate dehydrogenase and TCA cycle) to prevent an energy depleted state.
pyruvate carboxylase (biotin dependent)
Note that acetyl CoA is normally abundant with ^ FA oxidation, meaning that you need to make more glucose because the body is surviving off of FA.
What are early signs that develop in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus?
Patients with NPH typically present with early ataxia followed by frontal lobe dementia and urinary incontinence.
Glucose 6-P dehydrogenase is the rate limiting enzyme in the ___ pathway:
pentose phosphate pathway. G6P dehydrogenase converts glucose 6-P to ribulose 5-P and generates 2 NADPH in the process.
Nonoxidative parts of PPP can then convert the ribulose 5P to ribose 5P for use in nucleotide synth or as a glycolytic intermediate for energy production.
Goal of this pathway is to generate NADPH for reducing glutathione (to prevent RBC oxidative damage) and for the biosynth of cholesterol, FA, and steroids.
What’s an easy way to confirm a Dx of pheochromocytoma?
Can check for elevated levels of catecholamines and metanephrines (catecholamine breakdown products) in the urine or plasma.
What coag factors are impaired in hemophilia A and B?
Hemophilia A = X linked def of CF VIII
Hemophilia B = X linked def of CF IX
Both show prolonged PTT but normal bleeding time.
How could you treat von Willebrand Disease?
vWF acts to carry/protect CF VIII and also helps with platelet plug formation. Can treat with desmopressin which enhances release of vWF stored in endothelium.
Abacavir hypersensitivity rxn occurs in 2-8% of Pt and is assoc with the ___ allele
HLA-B57:01
Abacavir = NRTI for HIV. Hypersensivity rxn with abacavir occurs due to direct binding of abacavir to a segment on the HLA-B57:01 molecule»_space; altered presentation of self peptide»_space; delayed Type IV hypersensitivity rxn»_space; delayed rash.
Carnitine is the AA responsible for transporting FA into the mitochondria for B-oxidation. Carnitine is synthesized from ___ and ___ and uses Vit C as an essential cofactor for synthesis.
Carnitine is made from lysine and methionine.
FADH2 is produced from FAD in the conversion of ___ to ___ in the TCA cycle:
succinate to fumarate (via succinate dehydrogenase)
What meds could you use to treat bacterial vaginosis?
metronidazole or clindamycin
What’s the MOA of using azole antifungals (like fluconazole) for fungal vaginitis like candida albicans?
Azole antifungals inhibit 14a-demethylase (a CYP450 enzyme) in the fungi
