Mix10 Flashcards
What meds are best for acute MI?
Beta blockers can be used in acute MI to reduce HR, CO, and myocardial O2 demand. Look out for noncardioselective beta blockers (propanlol, nadolol) that can trigger bronchospasm in underlying obstructive lung disease. Can use combined alpha and beta receptor blockers (cardedilol and labetalol) as well.
What histone type binds the linker segments of DNA between nucleosomes to facilitate packaging of the nucleosomes into more compact structures?
H1. Core - 8 histone proteins (2 of each of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4)
What do you need to watch out for when you treat COPD patients with administration of exogenous O2?
Admin of excessively high O2 [ ] (hyperoxia) can cause CO2 retention»_space; oxygen induced hypercapnia»_space; confusion and a depressed level of consciousness.
What are the levator ani muscles and what do they do?
Levator ani group = iliococcygeus, puborectalis, and pubococcygeus. They hold up the bladder and urethra in the proper position. Injury»_space; urethral hypermobility and pelvic organ prolapse.
Can be strengthened with kegel exercises.
At what point in lung volume/capacity is pulmonary vascular resistance the lowest?
Functional residual capacity
How are the muscles of the heart perfused during diastole?
Ventricular relaxation during diastole is accompanied by a decrease in intraventricular pressure that is larger than the decrease in aortic pressure»_space; coronary perfusion.
During exercise there is decreased duration of diastole but flow mediated dilation and release of vasodilators like NO and adenosine make sure that there is adequate coronary BF.
Note that diastolic aortic pressure is the driving force for coronary BF during diastole. (Low diastolic BP = decreased coronary blood supply)
Incretins are GI hormones produced by ___ that stimulate secretion of insulin in response to sugar containing meals.
gut mucosa.
Response is independent of blood glucose levels and happens prior to elevation of blood glucose following a meal. GLP1 and GIP are the predominant incretins.
What does HepD require to be infective?
HBsAg. HepD is only able to be infective when its encapsulated with HBsAg
The ___ passes through the greater sciatic foramen and is involved in external hip rotation.
Piriformis. Damage to this muscle can compress the sciatic nerve»_space; sciatica like symptoms (pain, tingling, numbness in the buttocks)»_space; piriformis syndrome.
What are possible long term sequelae of obstructive sleep apnea?
systemic HTN, pulmonary HTN and R heart failure.
What meds would you use for heparin induced thrombocytopenia?
You would use direct thrombin inhibitors because they don’t need antithrombin III for activation and are the drugs of choice for HIT. They act by binding directly to the active sites of thrombin.
The ___ is found in intestinal E coli isolates and is considered the major virulence factor among E coli strains that cause neonatal meningitis:
K1 capsular antigen. Allows the bacteria to survive in the bloodstream and establish a meningeal infection.
The chronic myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis) often have what type of assoc mutation?
JAK2 (cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase)»_space; constitutive tyrosine kinase activity»_space; STAT activation»_space; promotion of transcription.
Can use JAK2 inhibitor (ruxolitinib) as Rx
What kind of histopathological feature would be characteristic of a neurological decline in a patient with HIV assoc dementia?
HIV assoc dementia»_space; inflammatory activation of microglial cells. Activated cells cross BBB to become perivascular Macs and microglial cells and combine to form microglial nodules around small areas of necrosis that can fuse to form multinucleate giant cells.
Neuronal damage in HIV assoc dementia is thought to be due to inflammatory cytokine release by the Macs/microglial cells and the direct toxic effects of HIV derived proteins.
