Mitosis/Cancer

Question 1

What are Stem Cells?

Answer 1

Cells that have the ability to develop into many different cell types during growth.

Question 2

What are Somatic Cells?

Answer 2

Cells that make up a Human.

Question 3

What is an Undifferentiated Cell?

Answer 3

Cells that have not yet developed into a specific cell type with a specific function.

Question 4

What are Differentiated Cells?

Answer 4

Cells that have already developed into having specific functions and characteristics.

Question 5

What are Embryonic Stem Cells?

Answer 5

Stem Cells that come from a newly fertilized egg. Formed in labs. These are derived from the 5-7 day old blastocyst.

Question 6

What are Umbilical Cord Stem Cells?

Answer 6

Stem Cells that are collected from the blood of an Umbilical Cord after birth.

Question 7

What are Hematopoietic Stem Cells?

Answer 7

Stem Cells that can form into any cell of the blood but are mainly found in bone marrow.

Question 8

What are Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Totipotent Stem Cells?

Answer 8

Pluripotent- capable of becoming different types of cells in the body.
Multipotent- capable of becoming more than one type of cell, but limited to certain types.
Totipotent- capable of becoming any of the embryonic cells.

Question 9

What blood related diseases can Stem Cells treat?

Answer 9

Leukemia
Anemia
Thalassemia
Hemophilia
Lymphoma

Question 10

What is Autologuos?

Answer 10

Uses own stem cells within patient from blood stream/bone marrow which are stored for transplant.

Question 11

What is Allogenic?

Answer 11

Uses cells from a family member, unrelated donor, or umbilical cord for transplant.

Question 12

What two heart diseases do Stem Cells treat?

Answer 12

Coronary Artery Disease and Congestive Heart Failure.

Question 13

What is Controlled Cell Growth?

Answer 13

Normal Cells grow on nutrient agar in a lab until a Petri dish is covered. When normal cells are removed from the middle, the cells continue to grow inwards until they touch. That is called contact inhibition.

Question 14

What 2 evens will occur when a cell detects mutations?

Answer 14

1. The cell will attempt to fix them.

2. If the mutations can’t be repaired, the cell undergoes apoptosis, basically cell suicide.

Question 15

What occurs in uncontrolled cell growth?

Answer 15

Cell mutations go undetected and control the cells ability to grow. The cells no longer stop at checkpoints and the cells divide uncontrollably. They then form a mass known as a tumor.

Question 16

What are Benign Tumors?

Answer 16

Abnormal mass of cells that do not have the ability to spread. Can still be dangerous.

Question 17

What are Malignant Tumors?

Answer 17

Abnormal mass of cells that do have the ability to

spread or “metastasize” to other parts of the body.

Question 18

What are Proto-Oncogenes?

Answer 18

These genes produce proteins that act like the accelerator in a car and allows the cell to continue through checkpoints.

Question 19

What are Tumor Suppressor Genes?

Answer 19

The genes produce proteins in a cell that act like a cars brakes and stop cells from proceeding in cell division.

Question 20

What are proto-oncogenes after they are mutated?

Answer 20

They are then called oncogenes and they now produce to many proteins that allow those cells which have mutated to continue to go through checkpoints when they shouldn’t.

Question 21

What happens when Tumor Suppressor Genes are Mutated?

Answer 21

The “brake” is no longer in control and cells can continue through the checkpoints even if they are mutated. The checkpoints thus become useless.

Question 22

What gene causes Breast Cancer?

Answer 22

BRCA1- Tumor Suppressor gene

Question 23

What are the environmental factors that increase cancer risk?

Answer 23

Smoking/Second hand smoke
UV exposure
Viral infection
Asbestos/Pollution exposure

Question 24

What are 3 types of Cancer Treatment?

Answer 24

Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy

Question 25

What is Radiation Therapy? Side effects?

Answer 25

When high doses of radiation are projected to eliminate a cancerous tumor. Can disrupt cell division. Can damage sex organs.

Question 26

What is Chemotherapy? Side Effects?

Answer 26

A drug treatment that stops cell division with cells interfering with mitotic spindle formation. Attacks Cancer cells because they are mainly in mitosis not interphase. Can lead to hair loss and Nausea/ Diarrhea. Reason is it kills all rapidly dividing cells even healthy ones.

Question 27

What steps occur in Mitosis?

Answer 27

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

Question 28

What occurs in Prophase?

Answer 28

Chromatin form Chromosomes and Spindle Fibers form. Nuclear Membrane and Nucleolus also break down.

Question 29

What occurs in Metaphase?

Answer 29

Chromosomes connected to the spindle fibers through the Kinetochore now move and line up on the cells equator.

Question 30

What occurs in Metaphase?

Answer 30

Sister chromatids are pulled apart towards the poles and are now considered single stranded chromosomes.

Question 31

What occurs in Telophase?

Answer 31

Spindle fibers disassemble and a new nuclear membrane is formed as well as the nucleolus reappears.

Question 32

What occurs in Cytokinesis?

Answer 32

The division of the Cytoplasm. The animal cell will form a cleavage furrow and a plant cell will form a cell plate as the original and daughter cells separate into two singular cells. Interphase begins directly after the cells separate.

Question 33

What are the three sub groups to Interphase?

Answer 33

G1
Synthesis
G2

Question 34

What occurs in the G1 stage?

Answer 34

1st growth stage after cell division. Cells mature by making cytoplasm and organelles.

Question 35

What occurs during the Synthesis Stage?

Answer 35

DNA is replicated.

Question 36

What occurs during the G2 Stage?

Answer 36

2nd growth stage. Occurs after DNA has been replicated. All cell structures required for division are created (i.e. Centrioles). Proteins and organelles are synthesized.