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Freshman Biology > Evolution/Selection > Flashcards

Evolution/Selection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A 
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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2
Q

What were Jean Baptist Lamarck’s theories?

A

“Theory of Acquired Characteristics” - they changed behavior which caused a change in their anatomy and passed down and inherited.

“Use and Disuse” - if a body part us not used it will shrink or disappear.

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3
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

Practice and science of classification.

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4
Q

Who was Carolus Linnaeus?

A

Swedish 18th century taxonomist who devised a new classification system using structure called binomial nomenclature. “Father of Taxonomy”

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5
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

Those at the ends of the curve become most fit. Those in the center are selected against and die out.

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of eubacteria?

A

All are unicellular prokaryotes found in all habitats except harsh ones.

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7
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages. May live in similar conditions but not locations.

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8
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The sum of all the individual genes in a given population of organisms.

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9
Q

What are the three types of adaptations?

A
  1. Structural
  2. Bio-chemical
  3. Behavioral
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10
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

One ancestral stock evolves into 2 species, which continue to evolve and become less and less alike over time.

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11
Q

What is classification?

A

Arrangements of organisms into orderly groups based on similarities.

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12
Q

What are mutations?

A

A change in an organism’s DNA which will enter the gene pool if it’s in the egg/sperm.

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13
Q

What graph is represented by a single gene trait? What graph is represented by polygenic traits?

A

Bar Graph and Curved Graph.

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14
Q

What is the definition of species?

A

A population or groups of populations whose members have the ability to breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

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15
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

A reproduction barrier that keeps 2 species that could mate and produce fertile offspring from doing so.

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16
Q

What is the order of the Taxonomy Groups?

A 
Life
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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17
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

Inherited, population-wide trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in a certain environment.

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18
Q

What are the three Domains?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

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19
Q

What are the three sub groups of genetic drift?

A

Random chance - random good or bad luck
Bottleneck effect - population’s size decreases for at least one generation, caused by major events.
Founder effect - when a few individuals from a population colonize an isolated island, lake, or some other new habitat.

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20
Q

What is micro evolution?

A

A change in the “gene pool” of a population of organisms.

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21
Q

Fitness

A

The capacity of an organism to survive and transmit its genotype to reproductive offspring as compared to competing organisms.

22
Q

What is gene flow?

A

A change in the gene pool of a population of organisms due to migration.

23
Q

Population

A

All the organisms of the same group or species who live in the same geographical area and are capable of reproducing.

24
Q

What does geographic isolation depend on?

A
  1. How well it keeps its organisms apart

2. The organisms ability to move about. Flying, swimming, etc.

25
Q

What is geographic distribution?

A

If species evolved from ancestors who lived in 1 region, the presence of related species in that region makes sense. The formation of new species closely linked to changing geography and environmental conditions.

26
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Those at one end of the curve become more fit than those in the middle or at the opposite end.

27
Q

What are the four kingdoms in the Eukarya Domain.

A

Protista - protozones, algae
Fungi - mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae - multicellular plants
Animalia - multicellular animals

28
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Scientists can compare DNA if different species to determine their evolutionary history.

29
Q

What is a behavioral adaptation?

A

A way in which a species acts in order to survive in its environment. The behavior is common across species.

30
Q

What was Charles Darwin’s Book and what did it say?

A

“The Origin of Species” which outlined his theory of Evolution and Natural Selection.

  1. Organisms produce more offspring than survive.
  2. Natural variation among offspring.
  3. Some variations are favorable.
  4. The organisms with favorable traits survive longer.
  5. Traits build up and populations change. “Descent with modification.”
31
Q

What a great the four kinds of reproductive barriers?

A

Timing - Different breeding seasons
Behavior - Different courtship or mating behaviors
Habitat - Different habitats in the same location
Structures - Reproductive structures are incompatible

32
Q

What is the equation used to determine allele frequency?

A

p + q = 1

33
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A change in the gene pool of a population of organisms due to random chance.

34
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic traits that humans value.

35
Q

What are similarities in structures?

A

Homologous structures - similar structures but with different functions.
Vestigial structures - remnants of organs that could have served a purpose in the past.

36
Q

What is geographic isolation?

A

A physical (environmental) barrier that keeps 2 species from mating.

37
Q

What is the characteristics of archaebacteria?

A

Are unicellular prokaryotes that live in harsh extreme conditions.

38
Q

What can cause a gene pool to change?

A 
Genetic Drift
- random chance
- bottleneck effect
- founder effect
Gene flow
Mutations
39
Q

What is evolution?

A

Is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations.

40
Q

What is the equation to determine genotype frequency?

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

41
Q

What is speciation?

A

The origin of a new species.

42
Q

How did earth form? (3 theories)

A

Spontaneous generation - disproved
Big Bang theory - most logical explanation.
Primordial soup - mixture of chemicals in the air.

43
Q

What is a structural adaptation?

A

A physical structure common to all members of a species that allows the species to survive in its environment.

44
Q

Biological diversity

A

A single species can evolve into an increased number of species.

45
Q

How does Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium become stable?

A
  1. Large population
  2. No mating preference
  3. No mutations occur
  4. No migration of “outsider’s genes”
  5. No natural selection
46
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Certain traits that attract a mate sexually.

47
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

Those with the average phenotype become best fit. Members with the extreme phenotype are selected against.

48
Q

What are similarities in development?

A

Similar stages in the development of an offspring. a.k.a. Comparative embryology.

49
Q

What is a Bio-chemical adaptation?

A

A chemical a species can produce in its body to better enable survival in the environment.

50
Q

What are the five pieces of evidence for evolution?

A
  1. The fossil record
  2. Geographic distribution
  3. Similarities in structure
  4. Similarities in development
  5. Molecular biology
51
Q

What are fossil records?

A

Preserved remains, traces, marks left by an organism that lived in the past. The fossil records may show slow gradual changes in transitional forms.

Freshman Biology (5 decks)

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