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CELS191 > Mitosis and Meiosis > Flashcards

Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Karyotype?

A

An ordered, visual representation of the chromosomes in a cell

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2
Q

What is a locus?

A

Location of gene on chromosome

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3
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternative forms of a gene

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4
Q

What is a homozygote?

A

Two identical alleles at a locus on a gene

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5
Q

What is a heterozygote?

A

Two different alleles at a locus on a gene

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6
Q

What do multicellular organisms depend on for cell division?

A

Development from a fertilised cell, growth and repair

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7
Q

What is interphase in the cell cycle?

A

Longest part of cell cycle broken up into stages, where chromosomes are replicated (DNA must be duplicated before replication occurs)

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8
Q

What is G1 phase in the cell cycle?

A

Metabolic activity and growth
Single copy of DNA

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9
Q

What is S Phase in the cell cycle?

A

Metabolic activity, growth and DNA synthesis where DNA replication occurs

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10
Q

What is G2 Phase in cell cycle?

A

Metabolic activity, growth and preparation for cell division. Two copes of DNA

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11
Q

What is a duplicated chromosome?

A

Two sister chromatids which later separate during mitosis

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12
Q

What are the five stages of mitosis?

A

PMAT
P- prior Prophase
Prometaphase
M- move to middle Metaphase
A- apart Anaphase
T- two new cells Telophase

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13
Q

What happens in Prophase?
(MITOSIS)

A

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down, spindle begins to form

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14
Q

What happens in Prometaphase?
(MITOSIS)

A

Nuclear envelope fragmented
Kinetochore forms at centromeres
Microtubules attach to kinetochore
Non microtubules interact and lengthen towards opposite poles

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15
Q

What happens in Metaphase?
(MITOSIS)

A

Duplicated chromosomes arrive at metaphase plate
Microtubules attached to all kinetochore
Centrosomes at opposite poles

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16
Q

What happens in Anaphase?
(MITOSIS)

A

Sister chromatids separates, now a singular chromosome
Kinetochores shorten pulling cell
Non-kinetochores lengthen

17
Q

What happens in telophase and cytokinesis?
(MITOSIS)

A

Nuclear envelope reappears from fragments
Chromosomes become less condensed
Spindle disappears
Cytoplasm divides into two

18
Q

What are the stages involved in meiosis?

A

PMAT
Prophase I and II
Metaphase I and II
Anaphase I and II
Telophase I and II
Cytokinesis

19
Q

What happens at Prophase I?
(MEIOSIS I)

A

Chromosomes duplicated and condensed
Nuclear envelope broken down/fragmented
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align and crossing over occurs
Meiotic spindle forms
Microtubules begin to attach to kinetochore

20
Q

What happens at Metaphase I?
(MEIOSIS I)

A

Homologous pair of chromosomes arranged at metaphase plate
Chiasmata lie on metaphase plate
Microtubules attached to kinetochores

21
Q

What happens at Anaphase I?
(MEIOSIS I)

A

Homologous pairs seperate at chiasmata
Sister chromatids still attached at centromere
Kinetochores shorten
Non kinetochores lengthen

22
Q

What happens at Telophase & Cytokinesis?
(MEIOSIS I)

A

Each half of the cell has one set of duplicated chromosomes
Sister chromatids not identical due to crossing over, attached at centromere
Cytokineses: cytoplasm divides into two

23
Q

What happens at meiosis II?

A

Prophase II: Microtubules move sister chromatids towards metaphase plate
Metaphase II: sister chromatids line up
Anaphase II: sister chromatids separate, become independent chromosomes
Telophase II and Cytokinesis: Haploid daughter cells begin to form, cytoplasm divides into two

24
Q

How does sexual reproduction produce diversity?

A
  • Independent assortment of chromosomes
  • Segregation
  • Crossing Over
  • Random and independent fertilisation of gametes
25
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

Chromosomes move randomly to separate poles during meiosis I, metaphase

26
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Two chromosomes — one from the mother and one from the father — line up, parts of the chromosome can be switched in meiosis I prophase

27
Q

What is segregation?

A

the separation of allele pairs during meiosis so that they can transfer specifically to separate gametes

28
Q

What is the end result of mitosis?

A

Two genetically identical unreplicated daughter cells, diploid (2n)

29
Q

What is the end result of meiosis I?

A

2 haploid, non identical cells, individual chromosomes

30
Q

What is the end result of meiosis II?

A

Four haploid cells that are genetically different to each other

CELS191 (32 decks)

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