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Gd 10 LS 2020 > Mitosis and cancer > Flashcards

Mitosis and cancer Flashcards

0
Q

Substance between cell membrane and nucleus containing organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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1
Q

One cells cell cycle starts… and ends..

A
  • Starts when the cell forms
  • Ends when as a mature cell it divides into two daughter cells
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2
Q

Two main phases of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

Mitosis

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3
Q

Phase in which DNA is replicated

A

Interphase

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4
Q

Chromosomes of DNA that has replicated consist of…

A
  • Two sister chromatids
  • Joined by a centromere
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5
Q

Two sister chromatids constitute one…

A

Chromosome

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6
Q

Features of a cell in interphase prior to mitosis

A
  1. Cell growth
  2. DNA replication
  3. More growth and preparation for cell division
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7
Q

A small cell versus a large cell’s surface to volume ratio

A
  • Small cell: large surface area to volume ratio
  • Large cell: small surface area to volume ratio
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8
Q

A small surface area to volume ration forces the cell to…

A

Divide into two daughter cells

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9
Q

Time for typical mitosis phase to take place

A

1-2 hours

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10
Q

After cell division, the fate of the daughter cells

A
  • One often grows and divides again
  • The other usually changes to form a specialized cell (tissue)
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11
Q

Why cells divide

A

Growth

Repair

Reproduction (asexual)

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12
Q

Region in plants where cell division occurs

A
  • Apical meristem (tips of roots, shoots and buds)
  • Lateral meristem (under bark)
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13
Q

Division of the cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus

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15
Q

Early prophase

A
  • DNA becomes visible as chromosomes
  • Centrosomes made of two centrioles moving towards cell poles
  • Microtubule structures start to form spindle
  • Nucleolus disappears
16
Q

Late prophase / prometaphase

A
  • Nuclear membrane disintegrates
  • Microtubules attach themselves to the chromosomes
  • Spindle apparatus formed
  • Chromosomes start to move towards equator
17
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Nuclear membrane disintegrated
  • Centrosomes pull on chromosomes using spindle (tug of war)
  • Chromosomes lined up along equator
18
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Centromeres cleave
  • Sister chromosomes split to form daughter chromosomes
  • Daughter chromosomes pulled by microtubules towards opposite spindle poles
  • Polar microtubules elongate cell
19
Q

Telophase

A
  • Daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles
  • New nuclear membrane forms around each set
  • Nucleolus reforms

(Not part of mitosis but at the same time cytokinesis occurs)

20
Q

Mode of cytokinesis in animal cells

A

Cleavage furrow

21
Q

Mode of cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Cell plate formed separating daughter nuclei

22
Q

Cancer

A

A broad group of diseases involving unregulated cell growth

23
Q

Cancer cells appear different to normal cells

A

Little cytoplasm

Multiple nuclei

Coarse chromatin

24
Q

Different types of cancer

A

Carcinoma - epithelial tissue

Sarcoma - connective tissue

Leukemia - blood/bone marrow

Blastoma - other stem/precurser cells

25
Q

Causes of cancer

A

Genetic (5-10%)

Tobacco (25-30%)

Diet and obesity (30-35%)

Infections (15-20%)

Radiation (10%)

Stress, lack of exercise and pollution

26
Q

Types of tumor

A

Benign

Malignant

27
Q

Benign tumors

A

Stay at one site

Don’t spread

28
Q

Malignant tumors

A

Cancer cells spread

Other organs affected

29
Q

Cancer metastasis

A

Cancer cells affect organs and tissues different from cancer origin

30
Q

Cancer treatments

A

Surgery

Chemotherapy

Radiotherapy

Complementary therapy

31
Q

Cancer surgery

A

Remove cancer cells with scalpel or laser

32
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Chemicals that kill cancer cells

Chemicals that stop DNA from making new cells

33
Q

Radiotherapy

A

Using radiation to target cancer cells

34
Q

Prevent cancer by avoiding

A

Tobacco

Obesity

Insufficient diet

Physical inactivity

Alcohol

STI’s

Air pollution

35
Q

Complementary cancer therapy

A

Alternative treatments not affecting each other or affecting prescribed medical treatment

Usually aim to treat or relieve symptoms

E.g. Traditional medicines

E.g. Prayer/ positive thinking techniques

36
Q

Traditional medicines used to treat cancer

A

Cancer bush tea

African wild potato

Both believed to strengthen immune system

Gd 10 LS 2020 (16 decks)

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