IK and biotechnology Flashcards
A typical plant tissue culture medium
(Image: http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Research-Institutes/plant-research/Plant-Breeding/Tissue-Culture.htm)
- A glass container with a solid or liquid culture substance e.g. agar
- It contains nutrients and hormones that promote mitosis
Possible ethical opinions FOR stem cell research
- Embryos are clumps of tissue, not yet humans
- Umbilical cord blood does not destroy embryo’s
- Reproductive cloning produces stem cells without need for fertilisation
- Research needed for numerous benefits…
(Image: http://www.ozy.com/pov/20-years-after-dolly-where-is-cloning-heading/75741)
Three sources of stem cells
- Embryo’s
- Umbilical cord or placenta
- Bone marrow and liver tissue
(Image: http://www.eurostemcell.org/cord-blood-stem-cells-current-uses-and-future-challenges)
Name at least 3 plant organs for asexual reproduction
- runners
- bulbs
- tubers
- leaf plantlets
- suckers
(Image: http://slideplayer.com/slide/8553549/)
Alternative medicine
Traditional healing used instead of mainstream medical care
(Image: https://chronicallyridicilous.wordpress.com/2016/12/18/8-ways-alternative-medicine-hurts-those-of-us-with-chronically-illnesses/)
Devil’s claw
(Image source: http://www.rjwhelan.co.nz/herbs%20A-Z/herb%20images/Devils_claw.jpg)
- A plant from the Kalahari
- Underground stem (Tubers) harvested
- anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic and analgesic properties
- Used to treat joint and muscle pain, arthritis and rheumatism
Molecular cloning
Cloning to make identical genes and useful chemical compounds
Biotechnology
- the use of living systems and organisms
- to develop or make products
Embryonic stem cells
- Embryonic tissue cells
- Can produce more of themselves
- Can differentiate into all cell types
Traditional biotechnology
- The use of natural organisms by humans to create or modify foods or other useful products
- e.g. fermentation, medicinal plants
Antibiotics affect
- The survival and growth of microbes
- Especially bacteria
If you are the recipient of wrong blood type
- Immune system rejects the blood
- You may die
IKS typically impacts which areas of society?
- Agriculture
- healthcare
- cooking
- education
- resource management
First antibiotic discovered (name, date and person)
- Penicillin
- Alexander Fleming
- 1928
First developed vaccine (disease targeted)
smallpox
How is a reproductively cloned animal made?
- Donor egg cell taken from foster mom
- Nucleus removed
- Cell taken from animal to be cloned
- Nucleus removed and fused with the empty egg cell
- Fused cell divides by mitosis to form embryo
- Embryo placed in foster mothers uterus to develop into cloned individual.
First developed vaccine (person and year)
- Edward Jenner
- 1796
Traditional methods of plant cloning
- plant cuttings and grafts
- replanting bulbs and tubers
Complementary medicine
(Image: http://rehabcenternearme.com/affects-acupuncture-substance-abuse/)
- Traditional healing used together with conventional medical treatment with the aim that it “complements” (improves) the treatment
- E.g. using acupuncture to help with side effects of cancer treatment.
- When health care providers and facilities offer both types of care, it is called integrative medicine
The four main blood types
- A
- B
- AB
- O
“in vitro” stem cells
(Image: http://www.artinhospitals.com/lg_art_in_art_06.html)
- Stem cells from fertilised eggs grown in cultures
- Eggs that have been fertilized in vitro—in an in vitrofertilization clinic
- Donated for research purposes with informed consent of the donors.
African potato
(Image: http://www.herbgarden.co.za/mountainherb/webherbfotos/big_AfricanPotato.JPG)
- A plant from the grasslands
- Contains many plant sterols
- Traditionally used as a laxative
- Recently found to boost the immune system
- E.g. Used as complementary medicine for patients with HIV/AIDS
Disease related to smallpox used to create the first vaccine
Cowpox
Levels of bodies defence
- barriers e.g. skin
- defense reactions - inflammation; white blood cells engulf microbes
- immunity - antibodies that target specific infections
Advantages to making plant tissue cultures
- exact copies with wanted traits
- fast growth to mature plants
- increased quantity of plants possible
- virus-free stock
T-lymphocyte function
- Destroys viruses
- Destroys cancer cells
Sterile
- Very clean
- No germs
What is a Blood transfusion?
- Blood lost from accident or during surgery
- Replaced in recipient from donors
- Transfusion via a needle inserted into a blood vessel in the arm
Environmental problems potenially caused by traditional healers
- 3000 plant species used
- large informal trade sector depletes natural populations of these species
- made worse by urbanisation and higher demand
- many of these species threatened with extinction
Regulation of traditional healers in South Africa
- Sangomas are legally recognised in South Africa as “traditional health practitioners”,
- Under the Traditional Health Practitioners Act of 2007 (Act. 22 of 2007) as diviners alongside with herbalists, traditional birth attendants, and traditional surgeons.
- This ensures that their practices are regulated.
Ways to reduce pressure on threatened natural resources needed for traditional healing
(Image: https://www.africaresearchinstitute.org/newsite/publications/briefing-notes/land-law-and-traditional-leadership-in-south-africa/)
- Alternative treatments
- Harvesters trained properly
- Harvesters licenced for particular species to be collected
- Cultivation/farming of threatened species
Explain what a callus of cells is in a plant tissue culture
- Isolated plant cells from parent plant divide by mitosis
- These form a group of cells called a callus
- With more plant hormones the callus differentiates into roots, stems and leaves
Traditional healers
- People who treat patients using traditional medicines
- especially using local herbs and muti
- e.g. Sangomas
Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place
Indigenous
First reproductively cloned animal, when?
- A sheep named Dolly
- 1996
(Image: http://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/)
Plant tissue cultures
growing plants from cells or tissues of a parent plant in a special growth medium
Therapeutic cloning
- Cloning to form stem cells
- Able to grow into specific tissues
- Needed to replace diseased tissues
- E.g. skin for burns
- E.g. bone marrow transplants for cancer
(Image: https://thehandstand.org/archive/march2004/articles/clone.htm)
Possible ethical opinions ANTI stem cell research
- New life begins with fertilisation
- Destruction of embryos is immoral, equates murder
- Taking role of God in creating and destroying life
The ability for a single white blood cell to take up other cells, germs and particles by engulfing them
phagocytosis
Adult stem cells
- Tissue stem cells
- Replace old and damaged cells in adults
- Only certain types
- E.g. skin
- E.g. bone marrow
- E.g. Nerve tissue
Blood bank
- Blood collected from volunteer donors
- Blood stored in sterile blood bank until needed
IKS
Indigenous knowledge systems
How are clones formed in nature?
(Image: https://gardenpool.org/gardening-tips/cloning-aquaponic-or-hydroponic-strawberry-plants-by-runners)
By asexual reproduction
A clone
DNA fragments, cells, tissues or organisms that are genetically identical
The first cloned animals, when?
- Sea urchins
- Late 1800s
B-lymphocyte function
- Makes antibodies
- Antibodies destroy invading organisms and infected cells
Examples of diseases commonly a problem prior to vaccination for them
- Smallpox
- Polio
- Chickenpox
- Measles
- Mumps
- Influenza (flu)
How penicillin was discovered
(Image: http://wikivisually.com/wiki/Penicillin)
- Fleming was examining bacteria on slides
- one slide was contaminated with mould called Penicillium notatum
- Where mold grew, bacteria disappeared
Indigenous knowledge
- Knowledge that certain communities or cultures have
- Aquired over generations through interactions with their environment
“Universal” recipient blood type
Type AB
Blood cell not involved in immunity
Red blood cell
“Universal” donor blood type
Type O
Medical Biotechnology
- The scientific use of living systems and organisms
- to develop or make medical products or treatments.
- E.g. insulin production using bacteria
Blood donor
(image: https://www.thenewspaper.co.za/western-cape-celebrates-national-blood-donor-month/)
- A person from whom blood is collected
- Must be healthy and over 16 years old
Antibiotics come from
- Chemical compounds
- Secreted by certain moulds (Fungi)
- e.g. Penicillium sp.
(Image: https://accounts.smccd.edu/case/antibiotics.html)
Through which means can we administer antibiotics
- Tablet
- Suspension (liquid)
- Injection
