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Gd 10 LS 2020 > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

0
Q

Three phases of interphase

A
  • G1 - first growth phase
  • S - synthesis phase
  • G2 - second growth phase
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1
Q

Two parts of the cell cycle

A
  • Interphase
  • Mitosis
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2
Q

Occurs during G1 phase of interphase

A
  • Cell growth
  • preparation for DNA replication
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3
Q

Occurs during S-phase of interphase

A

DNA replicated (chromatid duplication)

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4
Q

Parts of a duplicated chromosome

A
  • Two sister chromatids
  • Centromere
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5
Q

Inefficient if surface area to volume ration is too small

A

Nutrient and waste exchange by the cell

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6
Q

Reason for cell division by mitosis

A
  • Growth - cells divide forming more cells for growth
  • Repair - repair and renew injured, old or worn out cells
  • Reproduction - bacteria and protists reproduce asexually by binary fission or budding
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7
Q

Location of mitosis in plants

A

Apical and lateral meristem in plants

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8
Q

Animal tissues continuously replaced by mitosis

A
  • Epithelium and connective tissues
  • Fairly frequently for repair: liver, skin
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9
Q

Two division processes necessary for cell division

A
  • Karyokinesis - nucleus division
  • Cytokinesis - cytoplasm division
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10
Q

Four phases of mitosis

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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11
Q

Features of prophase in animal cells

A
  • Centrosomes start to form spindle
  • Centrosomes start to move towards poles
  • Chromosomes made of two chromatids condense to become visible
  • Nuclear membrane starts to break down
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12
Q

Features of prophase in plant cells

A
  • Spindle forms without centrosomes
  • Chromosomes with two chromatids condense
  • Nuclear membrane starts to break down
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13
Q

Features of metaphase

A
  • Nuclear membrane has disappeared
  • Chromosomes line up along equator region
  • Chromosomes attached to spindle fibre
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14
Q

Features of anaphase

A
  • Chromatids of chromosome separate
  • Spindle fibres pull daughter chromosomes to opposite poles
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15
Q

Features of telophase in animal cells

A
  • Nuclear membrane starts to form in each daughter cell
  • Chromosomes start to form chromatin network
  • Cytokinesis starts by the cell membrane constricting
16
Q

Features of telophase in plant cells

A
  • Nuclear membrane starts to form in each daughter cell
  • Chromosomes form chromatin network
  • Cytokinesis starts by cell plate formation at the equator
17
Q

Different kinds of cancer

A
  • Carcinomas - epithelium
  • Leukaemia - blood and lymph
  • Sarcomas - other connective tissue
18
Q

a cancer cell

A
  • A cell with its cell cycle control system disrupted
  • These cells divide uncontrollably
19
Q

Tumour

A

A mass of cancer cells

20
Q

Two types of tumour

A
  • Benign - stay in one location
  • Malignant - cells of tumour spread to other locations in the body
21
Q

Metastasis

A

The process of a malignant tumour leaving the first site of cancer and invading other organs and tissues

22
Q

Carcinogen

A

A factor causing cancer

23
Q

Example carcinogens

A
  • Faulty genes (inherited)
  • Radiation
  • Smoking
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Processed foods
  • Pollutants and pesticides
  • Viruses
24
Q

Three common methods of treating cancer

A
  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
25
Q

Surgery as a treatment for cancer

A

Cut out tumour cells with a scalpel or laser

26
Q

Chemotherapy as a treatment for cancer

A
  • Chemicals that kill cancer cells or
  • Stop their DNA from making new cells
  • injections or tablets
27
Q

Radiotherapy as a treatment for cancer

A
  • Machines emitting radiation
  • Injections of radioactive compounds
  • Capsules of radioactive substances
28
Q

Complementary therapy

A
  • Alternative treatments that can be used together with other treatments in treating a disease.
  • They do not negatively effect each other or harm the patient.
  • E.g. Teas to alleviate nausea during chemotherapy
29
Q

cell phase

A

anaphase

  • spindle fibres separate sister chromatids
  • retract pullting them towards poles
30
Q

cell phase

A

late prophase of mitosis

  • nulear membrane still disappearing
  • chromosomes condensed and clearly visible
31
Q

cell phase

A

metaphase of mitosis

  • chromosomes lined up along equator
32
Q

cell phase

A

telophase of mitosis

  • chromosomes at opposite ‘poles’
  • cytokinesis starting
  • two nuclear membranes forming
33
Q

cell phase

A

early prophase of mitosis

  • spindle apparatus just starting to form
  • chromosomes start condensing
  • nuclear membrane starts to break down

Gd 10 LS 2020 (16 decks)

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