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Biology: 14 - Cell Division > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

Define mitosis

A

A form of nuclear division in which one nucleus divides to form two nuclei

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2
Q

Mitosis takes place in what type of cells?

A

Cells not associated with the reproductive system called somatic cells

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3
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Cells not associated with the reproductive system

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4
Q

How many stages are there in mitosis?

A

There are four stages

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5
Q

What are the four stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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6
Q

What is the mnemonic for remembering the stages of mitosis?

A

Party
Monday
And
Tuesday

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7
Q

What are the five steps in prophase?

A
  1. Chromatin starts to contract
  2. Chromosomes become visible as double-stranded structures held together by a centromere
  3. The nucleolus disappears
  4. Spindle fibres appear in the cytoplasm
  5. Nuclear membrane starts to break down
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8
Q

Define a centromere

A

The point at which the chromosomes are attached in a double-stranded chromosome

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9
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

The region in the nucleus where ribosomes are made

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10
Q

What are spindle fibres collectively called?

A

A spindle

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11
Q

What starts to contract during prophase?

A

Chromatin

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12
Q

What starts to break down during prophase?

A

The nuclear membrane

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13
Q

What disappears during prophase?

A

The nucleolus

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14
Q

What are the three steps in metaphase?

A
  1. The nuclear membrane completes its breakdown
  2. A spindle fibre from each end/pole of the cell attaches to each centromere
  3. The chromosomes line up across the middle/equator of the cell
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15
Q

What completes its breakdown during metaphase?

A

The nuclear membrane

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16
Q

What attached to each centromere during metaphase?

A

A spindle fibre from each end/pole of the cell

17
Q

What is each end of a cell where spindle fibres connect to centromeres from called?

18
Q

What do spindle fibres from each pole of a cell connect to during metaphase?

A

Centromeres

19
Q

What do chromosomes line up across in a cell during metaphase?

A

The middle/equator of the cell

20
Q

What lines up across the middle/equator of the cell during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes

21
Q

What are the five steps of anaphase?

A
  1. The spindle fibres contract causing the centromeres to split
  2. One strand/chromosome from each double-stranded chromosome is pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
  3. This means the cell has eight chromosomes at this stage.
  4. The four chromosomes pulled to each pole have identical genes
  5. Anaphase is the shortest phase in mitosis. It often lasts only a few minutes, compared with up to 30 minutes for each of the other phases
22
Q

What causes the centromeres to split during anaphase?

A

The contracting of the spindle fibres

23
Q

What pulls one chromosome from each double-stranded chromosome to opposite poles of the cell?

A

Spindle fibres

24
Q

What is the function of the spindle fibres in anaphase?

A

They split the centromeres
They pull the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

25
Q

How many chromosomes does a cell have during anaphase?

A

Eight chromosomes

26
Q

How many chromosomes are pulled to each pole during anaphase?

A

The four chromosomes

27
Q

What type of genes do the four chromosomes pulled to each pole of a cell during anaphase have?

A

The four genes at each pole have identical genes

28
Q

What is the shortest stage of mitosis?

29
Q

How long does anaphase last?

A

A few minutes

30
Q

How long do the phases of mitosis last (excluding anaphase)?

A

Up to 30 minutes

31
Q

What are the five steps to telophase?

A
  1. The four chromosomes at each pole begin to lengthen and become hard to distinguish (chromatin)
  2. The spindle fibres break down
  3. One or more nucleoli begin to re-form
  4. A nuclear membrane forms around the chromatin at each end of the cell
  5. At the end of mitosis the original nucleus has divided into two identical nuclei
32
Q

During telophase, what happens to the four chromosomes at each pole?

A

They lengthen and become hard to distinguish

33
Q

During telophase, what elongates and becomes hard to distinguish?

A

Chromosomes

34
Q

During telophase, what breaks down?

A

The spindle fibres

35
Q

During telophase, what re-forms?

A

One or more nucleoli

36
Q

During telophase, what forms around the chromatin at the end of the cell?

A

A nuclear membrane forms

37
Q

During telophase, what does the nuclear membrane form around?

A

Chromatin at each end of the cell

38
Q

During the final step of telophase, what has the original nucleus divided into?

A

Two identical nuclei

Biology: 14 - Cell Division (13 decks)

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