Mitosis Flashcards

0
Q

cell cycle phase: DNA replication

A

S phase

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1
Q

cell cycle phase: cells grow in size

A

G1

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2
Q

cell cycle phase: cell prepares for mitosis

A

G2

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3
Q

cell cycle phase: mitosis

A

M phase

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4
Q

7 phases of mitosis from first to last

A

interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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5
Q

number of times centrosomes duplicate during cell cycle

A

once

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6
Q

this increases dramatically when two centrosomes move apart

A

gamma - TURC

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7
Q

an increase in gamma-TURC when centrosomes move apart causes:

A

centrosome maturation

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8
Q

these link sister chromatids

A

cohesins

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9
Q

At the end of S phase, pair of identical sister chromatids are glued together along entire length by:

A

cohesion complex

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10
Q

coiled coil cohesion subunits with ATPase domain at one end

A

Smc1 and Smc3

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11
Q

cohesin subunits connect ATPase head domains that form circle enclosing sister chromatids

A

Scc1 and Scc3

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12
Q

cohesion complex disrupted at this part of mitosis phase

A

metaphase-anaphase transition

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13
Q

protein complex laid down in S-phase to keep sister chromatids together

A

Cohesins

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14
Q

MT based machine dedicated to separating the sister chromatids

A

mitotic spindle

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15
Q

3 classes of mitotic spindle MTs

A

astral, kinetochore, polar

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16
Q

mitotic spindle class extends from the spindle pole to cell cortex

A

astral

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17
Q

mitotic spindle class exdends from spindle pole to chromosome

A

kinetochore

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18
Q

mitotic spindle class extends from one pole toward metaphase plate and interacts with MTs from other pole in anti-parallel fashion

A

polar

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19
Q

mitotic spindle class responsible for pushing duplicated centrosomes during prophase (maintaining spindle structure) and pushing spindle poles apart in Anaphase B

A

polar

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20
Q

necessary components for mitosis

A

tubulin, ATP, cytoplasmic proteins (from egg), centrosomes, DNA, nuclear proteins (from sperm)

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21
Q

phase with low numbers of catastrophies

A

interphase

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22
Q

phase with high numbers of catasrophies

A

mitosis

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23
Q

these factors regulate stability of mitotic MTs

A

Kinesin-13 and MAP

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24
Q

activity of this protein is stable during mitosis

A

Kinesin-13

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25
Q

activity of this protein decreases during mitosis

A

XMAP215

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26
Q

catasrophy factor during mitosis

A

Kinesin-13

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27
Q

specialized protein complex associated with the centromere

A

kinetochore

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28
Q

kinetochore proteins act to capture:

A

ends of spindle MTs

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29
Q

orientation kinetochores constructed to prevent same pole attaching

A

back-to-back

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30
Q

two layers of kinetochore

A

outer kinetochore and inner kinethochore

31
Q

binds to DNA and activates Ran in the nucleus

A

Ran-GEF

32
Q

cycles in and out of nucleus as part of nuclear-import-export machinery

A

Ran

33
Q

Ran type distributed evenly throughout cytoplasm

A

Ran-GAP

34
Q

concentration of Ran-GTP near chromosome

A

high Ran-GTP concentration

35
Q

Ran-GTP activates proteins that induce release of:

A

MT stabilizing factors

36
Q

MT attachment at chromosomes remains weak until:

A

bi-orientation occurs

37
Q

Bi-orientation of MT attachment to kinetochore creates:

A

tension

38
Q

kinetochores assemble at chromosome region marked by:

A

H3 Histone variant, CENP-A

39
Q

long and flexible complex links + end of MT to Inner kinetochore

A

Ndc-80

40
Q

Ndc function controlled by proteins in:

A

Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC)

41
Q

location of CPC during early mitosis

A

inner centromeric region of chromosomes

42
Q

CPC contains this kinase

A

Aurora-B

43
Q

kinetochore component in centromeric region phosphorylated by Aurora-B

A

Ndc-80

44
Q

component of kinetochore has weak association to MT

A

Ndc-80

45
Q

outer kinetochore part continuously removes phosphates from Ndc-80

A

PP1 (protein phosphatase 1)

46
Q

bi-orientation pulls both kinetochore away from:

A

CPC

47
Q

unphosphorylated Ndc-80 has strong attachment to:

A

+ end of MT

48
Q

chromosome arm moves away from pole due to protein

A

Kinesin-4

49
Q

during mitosis kinesin-4 interacts with this MT type

A

astral MT

50
Q

orientation that first kinetochore binds to astral microtubule

A

laterally

51
Q

if first attachment laterall to kinetichore, chromosome slides toward spindle pole using this motor protein

A

dynamin

52
Q

name for when chromosomes at midpoint b/w two poles

A

chromosome congression

53
Q

provides strongest force pulling chromosomes toward pole

A

Dynein/dynactin

54
Q

Kinesin-13 facilitates force pulling chromosomes toward pole by:

A

depolymerizing + end of microtubule

55
Q

protein located on chromosome arms with head oriented away from chromosome binds

A

Kinesin-4

56
Q

Kinesin-4 on chromosome arms binds this and pulls arms toward center of spindle

A

polar MTs

57
Q

after congression this complex released from kinetochore and moves to pole

A

dynein/dynactin

58
Q

FL kinetochore MT dimers treadmill by moving toward this end

A
  • end
59
Q

anaphase beins when cohesins rings around sister chromatids are removed by:

A

separase

60
Q

phase where separation of chromatids occurs without separation of spindle poles

A

Anaphase A

61
Q

during Anaphase A Kinesin-13 depolymerizes:

A

both + and - MT ends

62
Q

this remains at midzone as chromosomes pulled apart during anaphase

A

CPC

63
Q

this associates with polar MTs during anaphase

A

CPC

64
Q

this complex joins CPC and contains a + end directed kinesin motor protein

A

centralspindlin

65
Q

recruited by centralspindin during anaphase B

A

Cyk4

66
Q

Cyk4 is an exchange factor for:

A

RhoA

67
Q

RhoA-GTP activates:

A

formin

68
Q

nucleates assembly of actin filaments in contractile ring

A

formin

69
Q

Anaphase B: polar MTs slide in opposite directions catalyzed by:

A

Kinesin-5

70
Q

Anaphase B: this anchored to plasma membrane and walks to - end of aster MTs, pulling spindles to cortex

A

Dynein/dynactin

71
Q

cleavage furrow model: astral MTs carry factor to future site that promotes actin-myosin contractility

A

Astral Stimulation Model

72
Q

cleavage furrow model: polar MTs generate signal that induces cleavage planes

A

central spindle stimulation model

73
Q

cleavage furrow model: astral MTs carry factor that inhibits actin-myosin contractility at cortex and furrow forms at site of least inhibition

A

astral relaxation model

74
Q

cleavage furrow model: evidence shows that cleavage can form between centrosomes not linked by mitotic spindles

A

astral stimulation model

75
Q

cleavage furrow model: evidence shows that blocking astral MTs results in actin-myosin contractility throughout cell cortex

A

astral relaxation model

76
Q

cleavage furrow model: rhoA forms ring in cell cortex and cyk4 is localized to equatorial plane of cell

A

central spindle stimulation model