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M2M Unit IV > Mitochondria > Flashcards

Mitochondria Flashcards

1
Q

The central space of mitochondria is known as ______.

A

matrix

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1
Q

_____ works by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and inhibiting ATP production.

A

Arsenic

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2
Q

What does TIM stand for?

A

translocase of inner membrane

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2
Q

Name the 2 fission GTPases.

A

Fis1 and Drp

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2
Q

In the absence of a proton gradient, ATP synthase is converted into _____.

A

ATPase

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3
Q

ATP synthase consists from two main parts, ____ and ____.

A

F1; F0

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3
Q

Cell damage induces ______ of the outer mitochondria membrane.

A

Bak/Bax-dependent permeabilization

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4
Q

The initial stages of glucose degradation occur in the _____.

A

cytosol

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4
Q

F1 protein complex is bound to ____ and is an _____.

A

F0; enzyme that makes ATP

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6
Q

The ______ of the inner membrane is greatly increased by a large number of infoldings known as cristae.

A

surface area

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7
Q

Name 4 cellular GTPases the mitochondria uses.

A

Mfn and OPA1 (fusion), Fis1 and Drp (fission)

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7
Q

____ uses the energy of proton movement through the channel to generate ____.

A

F0; ATP

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8
Q

Fusion plays a key role in ______.

A

repairing damaged mitochondria.

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9
Q

What does TOM stand for?

A

translocase of outer membrane

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10
Q

What gene is mutated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A?

A

Mfn2

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11
Q

Fission is required for ______.

A

mitophagy

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13
Q

Mitochondria can occupy up to ____ of cell volume.

A

25%

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13
Q

Transport through ____ is passive, while transport through ____ is ATP-dependent.

A

TOM; TIM

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13
Q

Several mitochondrial proteases, such as mAAA, iAAA, and Lon, are responsible for _______.

A

recognizing and degrading misfolded proteins

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13
Q

Mutations in mitochondria fusion machinery causes _____ and _______.

A

autosomal dominant optic atrophy; Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A

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14
Q

A mutation in _____ causes hereditary spastic paraplegia.

A

mAAA protease

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15
Q

In the absence of a ______, ATP synthase is converted into ATPase.

A

proton gradient

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16
Q

The surface area of the inner membrane is greatly increased by a large number of infoldings known as _____.

A

cristae

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16
Q

Damaged mitochondria generate excessive amounts of _______.

A

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

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17
Q

Several ______, such as mAAA, iAAA, and Lon, are responsible for recognizing and degrading misfolded proteins.

A

mitochondrial proteases

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18
Q

What is mitophagy?

A

fusion with a healthy mitochondria

19
Q

F0 uses the energy of ______ through the channel to generate ATP.

A

proton movement

21
Q

Name the 2 fusion GTPases.

A

Mfn and OPA1

23
Q

______ is required for mitophagy.

A

Fission

24
Q

The energy released from NADH is stored both as ______ and a ______.

A

an electric potential; proton concentration gradient

24
Q

An ______ activates caspases.

A

apoptosome

25
Q

_______ plays a key role in repairing damaged mitochondria.

A

Fusion

26
Q

Mfn and OPA1 (fusion), as well as Fis1 and Drp (fission), are all ________.

A

cellular GTPases

27
Q

An apoptosome activates ______.

A

caspases

28
Q

Mutations in ______ causes autosomal dominant optic atrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 2A.

A

mitochondria fusion machinery

29
Q

Several mitochondrial proteases, such as ____, ____, and ____, are responsible for recognizing and degrading misfolded proteins.

A

mAAA, iAAA, and Lon

31
Q

The terminal stages of glucose degradation that involves oxygen occurs in the ________ and is called oxidative phosphorylation.

A

mitochondria

33
Q

The majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the _____.

A

nucleus

35
Q

______ consists from two main parts, F1 and F0.

A

ATP synthase

38
Q

The _______ in the animal cells are fatty acids and glucose.

A

principal sources of ATP

40
Q

Transport through TOM is ______, while transport through TIM is _______.

A

passive; ATP-dependent

42
Q

During respiration in the mitochondria, _____ are released from NADH and transferred to ___ to form H2O.

A

electrons; O2

42
Q

______ binds to several cytpolasmic proteins forming a protein complex known as the apoptosome.

A

Cytochrome c

43
Q

What does ROS stand for?

A

reactive oxygen species

44
Q

Arsenic works by inhibiting ______ and ______.

A

oxidative phosphorylation; ATP production

45
Q

The principal sources of ATP in the animal cells are ____ and _____.

A

fatty acids; glucose

46
Q

The _____ of mitochondria is known as matrix.

A

central space

46
Q

What does Bak/Bax-dependent permeabilization lead to?

A

cytochrome c release

47
Q

Cytochrome c binds to several ______ forming a protein complex known as the _______.

A

cytpolasmic proteins; apoptosome

48
Q

The ______ is stored both as an electric potential and a proton concentration gradient.

A

energy released from NADH

49
Q

A mutation in mAAA protease causes ______.

A

hereditary spastic paraplegia

50
Q

Fussion and fission are both dependent on ______.

A

cellular GTPases

52
Q

Ischemic injury results in MPTP-dependent permeabilization of ______.

A

inner and outer mitochondria membranes

54
Q

______ results in MPTP-dependent permeabilization of inner and outer mitochondria membranes.

A

Ischemic injury

55
Q

_____ spans the inner mitochondria membrane and forms a proton channel.

A

F0 protein complex

56
Q

What gene is mutated in autosomal dominant optic atrophy?

A

OPA1

57
Q

_______ generate excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

A

Damaged mitochondria

58
Q

ATP is transported out of mitochondria via the _____.

A

ATP-ADP antiporter

59
Q

The terminal stages of glucose degradation that involves oxygen occurs in the mitochondria and is called ______.

A

oxidative phosphorylation

60
Q

Ischemic injury results in ______ of inner and outer mitochondria membranes.

A

MPTP-dependent permeabilization

61
Q

______ is bound to F0 and is an actual enzyme that makes ATP.

A

F1 protein complex

62
Q

F0 protein complex spans_____ and forms _____.

A

the inner mitochondria membrane; a proton channel

63
Q

Where does electron transfer occur?

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

64
Q

During respiration in the mitochondria, electrons are released from _____ and transferred to O2 to form ____.

A

NADH; H2O

M2M Unit IV (11 decks)

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