Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

M2M Unit IV > Connective Tissues > Flashcards

Connective Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Proteoglycans are different from other glycoproteins because _____.

A

the GAG chains can be up to 95% of their mass.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

________ function in bone resorption and remodeling

A

Osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ and _____ derive and differentiate from monocytes.

A

Macrophages; osteoclasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

There are at least ____ different alpha collagen chains encoded by human genes.

A

25

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ appears to help organize the elastin elements in the fiber.

A

Fibrillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The ECM controls cell _____, _____, and ______.

A

proliferation, differentiation, metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of ____, _____, and _____.

A

structural fibers, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The ____ includes the prominent thick epimysium (outer covering) of the muscles.

A

deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______ are the pre-eminent cells of most connective tissues in the body.

A

Fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

______ are capable of smooth muscle-like function.

A

Myofibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The connective tissues near the body surface form a nearly continuous compartment of relatively loose and easily dissected tissue called _____.

A

superficial fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Each collagen molecule is composed of _____ that form a fairly rigid rope-like _____.

A

three intertwined polypeptide chains; triple helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Blood and lymph capillaries, as well as nerves, are typically abundant in _____.

A

loose connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 steps of wound healing?

A

1) Inflammation and blood clotting 2) New tissue formation 3) Tissue remodeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mesenchymal cells are precursors to all of the ______.

A

connective tissue family members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_____ is an abundant component of fibrillar collagen.

A

Collagen Type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hyaluronic acid is not attached to a _____.

A

protein core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

______ is a hallmark of diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease (inflammatory bowel diseases), rheumatoid arthritis, stomach ulcers, and several skin disorders.

A

Chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_____ and _____ are the cells that make bone.

A

Osteoblasts; osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_____ are the cells that make cartilage.

A

Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chondrocytes are the cells that make _____.

A

cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mesenchymal cells primarily function in _____.

A

embryogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Macrophages and osteoclasts derive and differentiate from ______.

A

monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The ______ consists of structural fibers, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides.

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Macrophages are large “engulfing” cells that _____.

A

phagocytose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cytokines are secreted by ______ and _____.

A

white blood cell derivatives; fibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fibroblasts can differentiate into other connective tissue cell types such as _____, ______, ________, and ______.

A

1) adipocytes 2) smooth muscle cells 3) chondrocytes 4) osteoprogenitor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ surround and permeate all of the organs of the body.

A

Loose and dense connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

_____ are large “engulfing” cells that phagocytose.

A

Macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

______ and ______ are relatively high in loose connective tissues.

A

Cell densities; ground substance components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

_____ contain thick collagen fibrils that are very abundant relative to ground substance, and have a low number of cells.

A

Dense connective tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Adipocytes are derivatives of _____ and/or primitive _____.

A

fibroblasts; mesenchymal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_____ are synthesized on the ER and translocated during synthesis to the ER lumen.

A

Collagen polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

______ are different from other glycoproteins because the GAG chains can be up to 95% of their mass.

A

Proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The deep fascia includes the prominent thick _____ of the muscles.

A

epimysium (outer covering)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

_____ are found in connective tissues that require a contractile function.

A

Myofibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The _____ are clinically important because their levels in urine and blood are used to diagnose important connective tissue and bone disease.

A

N-telo peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

_____ is a filamentous protein that exists in a predominantly random coil conformation.

A

Elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

These cells are often generated at the site of wounds where their contractile function contributes to retraction and shrinkage of scar tissue.

A

Myofibroblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Lymphocytes are central to _____ to foreign organisms/viruses/materials.

A

acquired immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

______ are phagocytic cells that are derived from blood monocytes and are very similar to ______.

A

Osteoclasts; macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Elastic fibers contain the proteins ____ and _____ that assemble into stretchable and resilient fibers and sheets.

A

elastin; fibrillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mast cells differentiate from _____.

A

basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Macrophages have several important physiological functions, including _____, _____, ______, and ______.

A

i) phagocytossis (ii) angiogenesis (iii) remodel damaged tissue (iv) remodel normal developing tissue and organs as part of their morphogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Neutrophils and eosinophils are important for ______.

A

defense against microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Collagen polypeptides are synthesized on the ____ and translocated during synthesis to the ____.

A

ER; ER lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are immigrant blood-derived cells?

A

white blood cells that are produced from hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and then migrate from blood into connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

_____ differentiate from basophils.

A

Mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The cells found in connective tissues are of two general categories: _____ and immigrant blood-derived cells.

A

Core “resident” cells of the CT family

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Collagen Type I is an abundant component of _____.

A

fibrillar collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

_____ are derivatives of fibroblasts and/or primitive mesenchymal cells.

A

Adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Loose and dense connective tissues surround and permeate all of the ____ of the body.

A

organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

These collagens form very thin fibers and assemble into interlaced networks that form porous sheets.

A

Network-forming collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

_____ can differentiate into other connective tissue cell types such as adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, chondrocytes, and osteoprogenitor cells.

A

Fibroblasts

44
Q

What allows the ECM to resist large compression forces?

A

a high swelling (turgor) pressure

44
Q

Numerous _____ can signal long distance to hematopoietic tissue to stimulate productions of more white blood cells.

A

cytokines

45
Q

Collagen Type IV is a common component of the network-forming sheets in _____.

A

the basal laminae

46
Q

______ decorate the surfaces of collagen fibrils and are thought to link collagen fibrils.

A

Fibril-associated collagen

48
Q

The ECM controls epithelial cell ____.

A

polarization and shape

49
Q

Network-forming collagen is found in the ______.

A

basal laminae

50
Q

_____ are central to acquired immunity to foreign organisms/viruses/materials.

A

Lymphocytes

50
Q

_____ are the most abundant structural fibers of the ECM.

A

Collagen fibers

50
Q

Each _____ is composed of three intertwined polypeptide chains that form a fairly rigid rope-like triple helix.

A

collagen molecule

50
Q

What is the ground substance?

A

a hydrated aqueous gelatinous material that holds the fibers

51
Q

The ______ can be arranged in parallel-organized sheets, such as in ligaments and tendons.

A

dense CT collagen bundles

52
Q

Fibril-associated collagen decorate _____ and are thought to ____ collagen fibrils.

A

the surfaces of collagen fibrils; link

53
Q

Proteoglycans contain a protein core attached to very large acidic polysaccharides called ______.

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

53
Q

These molecules can function as selective sieves by forming gels of varying pore sizes

A

GAGs

55
Q

The ECM controls _____, _____, and _____ of tissue structure.

A

formation, organization, and modification

56
Q

Myofibroblasts are capable of _____.

A

smooth muscle-like function

58
Q

_____ are the central CT cell type that makes the components of the extracellular matrix of most connective tissues.

A

Fibroblasts

59
Q

______ secreted by mast cells is thought to promote endothelial permeabilization.

A

Histamine

61
Q

_____ are important in edema and allergic hypersensitivities.

A

Mast cells

62
Q

______ is a common component of the network-forming sheets in the basal laminae.

A

Collagen Type IV

64
Q

Mast cells are important in _____ and ______.

A

edema; allergic hypersensitivities

65
Q

Malignant metastatic tumors are believed to co-opt inflammatory processes to _____.

A

promote their continued growth and vascularization

66
Q

Connective tissues (CT) function to provide ____ and _____ for the specialized tissues of organs.

A

mechanical strength; support

67
Q

What are mast cells?

A

secretory cells

68
Q

_____ are glycosylated and hydroxylated on selected amino acid residues.

A

Collagen polypeptides

70
Q

Connective tissues (CT) function to _____ that contact the connective tissue matrix (the ECM).

A

control the behavior and functions of cells

71
Q

______ primarily function in embryogenesis.

A

Mesenchymal cells

73
Q

Osteoclasts are ______ that are derived from blood ______ and are very similar to macrophages.

A

phagocytic cells; monocytes

73
Q

______ is not attached to a protein core.

A

Hyaluronic acid

75
Q

Superficial fascia contains _____.

A

several distinct layers of connective tissue

76
Q

_____ produce the fibrous proteins, proteoglycans, and other components of the ECM.

A

Fibroblasts

78
Q

_____ are secretory cells that, when stimulated by immune responses, release various substances, including vasodilators.

A

Mast cells

79
Q

Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of diseases such as _____, ______, ______, and _____.

A

ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease (inflammatory bowel diseases), rheumatoid arthritis, stomach ulcers, and several skin disorders

80
Q

Cell densities and ground substance components are relatively high in _____.

A

loose connective tissues

82
Q

Osteoblasts and osteocytes are the cells that _____.

A

make bone

84
Q

The cells found in connective tissues are of two general categories: Core “resident” cells of the CT family and _____.

A

immigrant blood-derived cells

85
Q

Connective tissues (CT) function to conduct and control the exchange of _____, _____, and _____.

A

nutrients; metabolites; signaling ligands

86
Q

GAGs are long polymers of _____.

A

carbohydrate molecules (polysaccharides)

88
Q

Fibroblasts are the pre-eminent cells of _____.

A

most connective tissues in the body

89
Q

_____ are found where tissues must resist strong shear forces in particular directions.

A

Dense CT collagen bundles

91
Q

_____ aggregate to form fibers of varying sizes and organizations.

A

Collagen proteins

92
Q

_____ are precursors to all of the connective tissue family members

A

Mesenchymal cells

93
Q

Name the 3 components of the ECM.

A

1) Structural fibers 2) ground substance 3) other extracellular macromolecules

95
Q

What are immigrant blood-derived cells important for?

A

defense against infection by viruses and microrganisms, tissue damage, and allergic hypersensitivities

96
Q

_____ contain a protein core attached to very large acidic polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).

A

Proteoglycans

97
Q

Fibroblasts produce _____, _____, and other components of the ECM.

A

the fibrous proteins, proteoglycans

98
Q

Name the 7 core “resident” cells of the CT family.

A

1) Mesenchymal cells 2) Fibroblasts 3) Myofibroblasts 4) Adipocytes 5) Osteoblasts 6) Chondrocytes 7) Some smooth muscle cells

98
Q

The ______ of collagen are cleaved by specific proteases.

A

N- and C-termini

99
Q

The ECM provides a defense against _____.

A

infectious agents

101
Q

Macrophages are also critical regulatory cells that _____ and _____ numerous extracellular signals.

A

secrete; respond to

102
Q

Collagen is synthesized and modified ______ and then secreted and further modified _____.

A

intracellularly; extracellularly

103
Q

Macrophage-produced signals have numerous functions that include _____, ______, ______, and ______.

A

1) angiogenesis 2) immune cell migration and function 3) fibroblast activation 4) blood vessel permeability

104
Q

Name the 5 immigrant blood-derived cells.

A

1) Lymphocytes 2) Macrophages 3) Neutrophils and eosinophils 4) Mast cells 5) Osteoclasts

105
Q

______ produce the extracellular matrix (ECM).

A

Connective tissues

105
Q

_____ are long polymers of carbohydrate molecules (polysaccharides).

A

GAGs

107
Q

Myofibroblasts are derived from ______.

A

fibroblasts

109
Q

The N-telo peptides are clinically important because their levels in urine and blood are used to _____.

A

diagnose important connective tissue and bone disease

110
Q

Connective tissues (CT) function to control the behavior and functions of cells that _____.

A

contact the connective tissue matrix (the ECM)

111
Q

There are at least 25 different _____ encoded by human genes.

A

alpha collagen chains

113
Q

______ are also critical regulatory cells that secrete and respond to numerous extracellular signals.

A

Macrophages

114
Q

Collagens are post-translationally modified (_____ and ______ on selected amino acid residues)

A

glycosylated; hydroxylated

115
Q

The dense CT collagen bundles can be arranged in _____, such as in _____ and ______.

A

parallel-organized sheets; ligaments; tendons

116
Q

These are white blood cells that are produced from hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow and then migrate from blood into connective tissue

A

immigrant blood-derived cells

117
Q

_____ are derived from fibroblasts.

A

Myofibroblasts

118
Q

Osteoclasts function in _____ and _______.

A

bone resorption; remodeling

119
Q

_____ are secreted by white blood cell derivatives and fibroblasts.

A

Cytokines

120
Q

Dense connective tissues contain ______ that are very abundant relative to ground substance, and have a low number of _____.

A

thick collagen fibrils; cells

121
Q

What is a fibril?

A

a large bundle of collagen molecules

122
Q

Fibroblasts are the central CT cell type that makes the components of the _____ of most connective tissues.

A

extracellular matrix

123
Q

Histamine secreted by ______ is thought to promote ______.

A

mast cells; endothelial permeabilization

124
Q

The ECM guides and regulates _____.

A

cell migration through the matrix

125
Q

Name 3 properties of GAGs are relevant to their function.

A

1) highly negatively charged 2) Their rigid extended structure causes them to readily form gels 3) Some proteoglycans can also bind to and inactivate or activate other proteins

127
Q

____ controls epithelial cell polarization and shape.

A

The ECM

128
Q

______ and ______ are important for defense against microorganisms.

A

Neutrophils; eosinophils

129
Q

What is the significance of the negative charge on GAGs?

A

they are very hydrophilic (attract lots of water)

130
Q

Connective tissues produce the _____.

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

131
Q

______ contain thin collagen fibrils that are relatively sparse and are arranged in irregular lattices.

A

Loose connective tissues

132
Q

The ECM controls ____ and _____ due to injury.

A

inflammation; repair

133
Q

Loose connective tissues contain _____ that are relatively sparse and are arranged in _____.

A

thin collagen fibrils; irregular lattices

M2M Unit IV (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions